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Reference List Piezoelectric Notions Piezoelectric Motor Notions Major Applications Basics Principles Major Applications Major specifications
Reference List
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity Alexander D. Khazan, Transducers and Their Elements, Prentice Hall PTR Robert H. Bishop, Mechatronics Handbook, section 19.2 Manfred Weber, http://www.mmf.de/ Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Rotary Ultrasonic Motors Actuated By Traveling Flexural Waves, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/spie-usm97.htm
Piezoelectric Notions
Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. The word is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press. The piezoelectric effect is reversible in that piezoelectric crystals, when subjected to an externally applied voltage, can change shape by a small amount. The deformation, about 0.1% of the original dimension in PZT, is of the order of nanometers, but nevertheless finds useful applications such as the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, and ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies. In a piezoelectric transducer, the acceleration acts on the seismic mass that develops a force on piezoelectric quartz, or ceramic crystal, or on several crystals. The force causes charges on the crystals proportional to the acceleration.
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity Alexander D. Khazan, Transducers and Their Elements, Prentice Hall PTR Robert H. Bishop, Mechatronics Handbook, section 19.2
This new breed of motors has many excellent performances and features such as high torque, low speed, simple and compact structure with great variability in design, not interfering or being affected by magnetic field when in operation, power off selfbrake, etc. The chief drawback of USM lies in the fatigue wearing of the stator due to the frictional driving mechanism.
Major Applications
Camera auto focus lenses, Watch motors and compact paper handling. Medical application within micro-surgery and sensor scanning Driving fluids Optoelectronics area Motion control
Piezo motors consists mainly of an electromechanical resonator and a rotor. The resonator transfer electric energy into small elliptical mechanical vibrations that forces the rotor to rotate due to friction between resonator tip and rotor. Piezoelectric motors have some very nice characteristics compared to traditional induction motors and in general they are characterized by a high torque at low angular velocity, silent operation, high positioning precision, simple mechanical construction and it induces no magnetic fields. Modeling and Control of a Standing Wave Piezo Electric Motor, Brian Andersen.
Basics Principles
The general principle of the operation of ultrasonic motors is to generate gross mechanical motion through the amplification and repetition of microdeformations of active material. The active material induces an orbital motion of the stator at the rotor contact points and frictional interface between the rotor and stator rectifies the micro-motion to produce macro-motion of the stator.
Development of an Ultrasonic Motor as aFine-Orienting Stage Eko Purwanto, Member, IEEE, and Shigeki Toyama
The active material, which is a piezoelectric material excites a traveling flexural wave within the stator that leads to elliptical motion of the surface particles. Teeth are used to enhance the speed that is associated with the propelling effect of these particles. The rectification of the micro-motion an interface is provided by pressing the rotor on top of the stator and the frictional force between the two causes the rotor to spin. This motion transfer operates as a gear leads to a much lower rotation speed than the wave frequency.
Rotary Ultrasonic Motors Actuated By Traveling Flexural Waves, Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/spie-usm97.htm
A stator substrate is assumed to have a thickness, tS, with a set of piezoelectric crystals that are bonded to the back surface of the stator in a given pattern of poling sequence and location. The thickness of the piezoelectric crystals is tp. The total height, h, is the sum of the thickness of the crystals and the stators (bonding layer is neglected). The overall height of the stator is also allowed to vary with radial position. The outer radius of the disk is b and the inner hole radius is a. To generate traveling wave, the piezoelectric crystals poling direction is structured such that quarter wavelength out-ofphase is formed. This poling pattern is also intended to eliminate extension in the stator and maximize bending. The teeth on the stator are arranged in a ring at the radial position.
Rotary Ultrasonic Motors Actuated By Traveling Flexural Waves, Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/spie-usm97.htm
To generate a traveling wave within the stator two orthogonal modes are activated simultaneously. These modes are induced by constructing the drive piezoelectric actuators in a pattern of two poling sections that are bonded to the stator. Geometrical examination of this pattern shows that driving the two sections using cos(w t) and sin(w t) signals, respectively, will produce a traveling wave with a frequency of w /2p . Also, by changing the sign on one of the drive signals, the traveling wave would reveres its direction.
The equation of motion of the ultrasonic motor can be derived from Hamiltons principle. The analytical model has been derived by many authors (e.g. Hagood and A. McFarland [5], Kagawa et al [6]). The generalized equation of motion of the stator can be summarized as
Rotary Ultrasonic Motors Actuated By Traveling Flexural Waves, Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/spie-usm97.htm
http://www.me.ust.hk/~rickylee/motor-spec.PDF
USM Prototypes
DOF planar pin-type actuator The objective of this project is to design and develop a piezoelectric actuator based on the fundamental operating mechanism of ultrasonic motors. Two pin-type prototypes with piezoelectric bimorph plate and a contact pin for generating driving force in the X-Y direction were designed and fabricated. A test rig was also constructed for the evaluation of the two prototypes and basic characteristics of the actuators were investigated. The working principle of the actuator was verified and proven during the experiment. Basically, the optimal driving speed of an actuator is dependent on the driving frequency, the input voltage, the contact surface and the friction coefficient between the stator and motor. An analytical study of the prototypes has been carried out by means of finite element analysis utilizing ANSYS5.4. With comparison to the experimental results, it was proven that the optimal driving condition occurred at the specific resonant mode depending on the pin vibration. Maximum unloaded driving speed was obtained to be approximately 0.68 cm/s at a frequency of 14.8 kHz and the optimum input voltage was found to be approximately 70 Vp-p.
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Copyright 2002 Modular robotic & Robot locomotion Group, School of MPE, NTU, http://155.69.254.10/users/risc/www/usm-intro.html
Suppliers Information
http://alphapiezo.com/ http://www.americanpiezo.com/ http://www.cedrat.com/ http://www.ceramicacelec.com.ar/ http://www.ferroperm-piezo.com/ http://www.matsysinc.com/ http://www.piezosolutions.net/ http://www.physikinstrumente.de/products/section1/i ndex.htm/ http://www.sensortech.ca/