DESCRIBE LEADERSHIP STYLE THAT IS IN

ACCORDANCE WITH ISLAM IN WHAT WAY IT

IS EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING ORGANIZATION
6
GROUP MEMBER :
AZRUL HAFIZ BIN ZAHARI G1025741
MOHD ZAIDAN BIN ZAHARI G1024239
MOHD SHAFIQ BIN SAADON G1021461
MOHD KHIDIR BIN OMAR G1021647
SHAHRIZAL BIN HANAPI G1028313
TG. AZZUAN SHAH BIN TG MOHAMAD G1027201
NOOR QAMARIAH BTE MD SAH G1022894
NINI ANIZA BTE ZAKARIA G1024194
ROHAIZA BT BAHARI G1025102
KURT LEWIN (1939) LED A GROUP OF RESEARCHERS
TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
THE 3 CLASSIC STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
KURT LEWIN (1939)
Authoritarian
(autocratic)
Participative
(democratic)
Delegative (free
reign)
KEPIMPINAN BERDASARKAN NAFSU (AUTOKRASI)
ATAU AL-MALIK AL-TABII AL-ISTIBDADI
Autokrasi
Satu bentuk kerajaan yang dikuasai orang
perseorangan yang mempunyai kuasa tidak
terhad (Hunt and Colander, 1996)

Dua jenis kerajaan autokrasi iaitu autoritarian
autokrasi dan totalitarian autokrasi.
i. Kerajaan autokrasi autoritarian merupakan
kerajaan yang dipimpin oleh seorang diktator. Ia
mengharamkan sebarang kegiatan yang boleh
mengancam kedudukan pemerintahannya.

ii. Kerajaan autokrasi totalitarian ialah sebuah
kerajaan yang mahu mengawal seluruh kegiatan
kehidupan masyarakat didalamnya.Cth China
dan Korea Utara.

Ciri-ciri pemerintahan autokrasi:

i. kebebasan awam tidak dipentingkan
ii. kekerasan dan ugutan selalu digunakan
iii. kuasa pemerintahan terletak di tangan satu elit
politik tradisional atau moden spt tentera.
iv. penguasaan satu parti.


Peranan kerajaan:

i. meninggikan taraf hidup rakyat
ii. menggubal dan melaksanakan undang-undang.
iii. memastikan pemuafakatan antara rakyat
sentiasa wujud
iv. memelihara kebebasan individu.

SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN AUTOKRASI
i. Seseorang pemerintah mempunyai kuasa
mutlak terhadap rakyat dan perlembagaan
yang dirangkanya bercanggah dengan sistem
demokrasi dan juga sistem pemerintahan
Islam.
ii. Bercanggah dengan nilai kemanusiaan
seperti kebebasan bersuara dan menganut
agama.


iii. Pemerintahan oleh seorang pemimpin atau satu
parti di mana kuasa mutlak berada di tangan
pemimpin samada seorang atau organisasi atau
satu kumpulan kuasa.
iv. Menggunakan kuasa sepenuhnya untuk
menekan segala tentangan terhadapnya.
v. Pemimpin autokrasi akan bertindak untuk
menghadkan tindakan-tindakan pihak tertentu
yang dirasakan mungkin mengancam
kedudukan serta kepentingan pemerintah.
vi. Menghadkan penglibatan rakyat dalam politik di
samping menghadkan perkembangan pertubuhan-
pertubuhan yang dirasakan bercanggah dengan
pemerintahannya. Parti pembangkang tidak
dibenarkan kewujudannya dan dianggap sebagai
tidak sah
vii. Corak pemerintahan diktator yang zalim dan
mutlak. Contoh pemimpin autokrasi ialah semasa
pemerintahan Stalin di Russia di mana rakyat Russia
telah menderita dan sering berada dalam keadaan
ketakutan.


viii.Pemimpin autokrasi juga sering
menggunakan pertubuhan polis rahsia untuk
menjaga kepentingan pemerintah dan
mengawasi kegiatan rakyat supaya tidak
bercanggah dengan dasar parti atau
pemerintah. Di antara pertubuhan polis
rahsia ialah GESTAPO, MVD dan KGB. Negara-
negara yang mengamalkan pemerintahan
autokrasi adalah seperti Russia, Republik
Rakyat China, Yogoslavia, dan Jerman iaitu
semasa pemerintahan Adolf Hitler dan
uganda semasa pemerintahan Idi Amin.

Contoh dalam al-quran sistem autokrasi :

i. Maharaja Zu Nawas yang dikaitkan dengan ashab al-
ukhdud.
Menghukum rakyatnya yang menyembah Allah S.W.T>
dengan mencampakkan mereka ke dalam sebuah parit
yang dinyalakan dengan unggun api.
ii. Firaun yang dikaitkan dengan zaman perutusan Nabi
Musa.

Dalam Islam sistem pemerintahan yang bercanggah dengan
konsep keadilan dianggap satu kezaliman :-





Antara kerajaan Islam yg mengamalkan sistem Autokrasi pada zaman
dahulu:
i. Kerajaan Delhi
Berbentuk kerajaan berpusat di Delhi dan pemerintah tertingginya mempunyai kuasa
autokrasi atau mutlak dalam pemerintahannya.
Sistem pemerintahan berbentuk teokrasi dan perlembagaan Negara berdasarkan al
Quran dan hadis.
Golongan bukan Islam dikenakan jizyah sebagai jaminan perlindungan hak dan
kebebasan.
Bentuk pemerintahannya dipengaruhi oleh Kerajaan Abbasiyah, Parsi, Turki dan India.
Sistem pentadbiran mempunyai unsur asimilasi antara pengaruh Islam dan Hindu.
Mengamalkan pewarisan takhta.

ii. Kerajaan Moghul
Menjalankan pemusatan kuasa dan pentadbiran wilayah yang dilaksanakan pada
zaman Akbar dan Aurangzeb.
Pada zaman Akbar , golongan bukan Islam diberi kelonggaran persamaan hak dengan
orang Islam untuk mengisi jawatan penting.
Akbar juga menghapuskan bayaran jizyah dengan alasan mewujudkan keadilan dalam
pemerintahannya.
Manakala pada zaman Aurangzeb, baginda menghadkan orang Hindu dalam jawatan
kerajaan termasuk ketenteraan dan kehakiman.
Takhta kerajaan adalah berasaskan sistem pewarisan.

SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN AUTOKRATIK
DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Islam menolak sistem pemerintahan yang autokratik
atau kuku besi kerana sistem ini akan mengundang
kuasa individu sebagai sumber kebenaran yang tentu
akan menolak kepelbagaian hasrat dan pandangan
daripada terus berkembang. Keadilan untuk seluruh
identiti dalam struktur masyarakat tidak akan dapat
dijelmakan menerusi pemerintahan autokratik.
(Muhamad Razak, 2004)
SISTEM AUTOKRASI DALAM ORGANISASI
i. Ramai percaya bahawa sistem autokrasi tidak
boleh digunapakai dalam masyarakat moden
masa kini.
ii. Walaubagaimanapun sistem autokrasi
diperlukan dalam sesetengah organisasi seperti
dalam
Tentera / polis / bomba
Pentadbiran dan pengurusan tertinggi sesuatu
syarikat
Sembahyang berjemaah
Kepimpinan autokratik perlu digunakan dalam
situasi di mana apabila masa yang diperlukan
amat terhad untuk membuat keputusan, atau
pemimpin merupakan seorang yang paling
berpengetahuan di kalangan ahli kumpulan.
(Lewin, 1939)
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22. Iaitu ketika mereka masuk kepada Nabi Daud, lalu ia terkejut melihat mereka; mereka berkata kepadanya: "
janganlah takut, (Kami ini) adalah dua orang Yang berselisihan, salah seorang dari Kami telah berlaku zalim kepada
Yang lain; oleh itu hukumkanlah di antara Kami Dengan adil, dan janganlah melampaui (batas keadilan), serta
pimpinlah Kami ke jalan Yang lurus.

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26. Wahai Daud, Sesungguhnya Kami telah menjadikanmu khalifah di bumi, maka jalankanlah hukum di antara
manusia Dengan (Hukum syariat) Yang benar (yang diwahyukan kepadamu); dan janganlah Engkau menurut hawa
nafsu, kerana Yang demikian itu akan menyesatkanmu dari jalan Allah. Sesungguhnya orang-orang Yang sesat dari
jalan Allah, akan beroleh azab Yang berat pada hari hitungan amal, disebabkan mereka melupakan (jalan Allah) itu.
A Participative Leader, rather than taking autocratic decisions,
seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including
subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders.
(Article By Kendra Cherry, 2002)

The democratic leadership style favors decision-making by the
group as shown, such as leader gives instruction after
consulting the group.

They can win the co-operation of their group and can
motivate them effectively and positively. The decisions of the
democratic leader are not unilateral as with the autocrat
because they arise from consultation with the group members
and participation by them.
(Article by Carly Chynoweth, 2004)


PARTICIPATIVE / DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
PARTICIPATIVE / DEMOCRATIC
LEADERSHIP
Video 1

1) The decision-making process and overall responsibility among the group
members is shared.

2) No decisions are made without consultation from group members by the
leader, so that the final result is an outcome of group effort, and not
individual choices.

3) Tasks are delegated to subordinates effectively, where the implementation
of the task is entirely in their hands.

4) Feedback is always welcome and every member is encouraged to function
as a leader in terms of decision-making and execution of decisions.

5) Process of arriving at solutions for say cost-cutting, improvement in product
quality, or improvement in the quality of customer service.
Characteristics of
participative/democratic Leadership?
The concept of democracy in Islam is best understood that Islam is
practised at two levels :

1) The Infaradi-individual level

- a person is free to adopt the manner of worship he likes etc.

2) Collective level :

- It is the voice of the people, which is to be given preference.

- In the social context, it is the Islamayee Islam, which is to be
practised, and democracy is a social concept.


Video 2

The concept of democracy in Islam
Advantages

1) Enforces a work environment where everyone is allowed to contribute to
the
decision-making process.

2) Permits creativity and creative thinking.

3) Employees or group members learn to respect each other's viewpoint,
including that of the leader and vice versa.

Disadvantages

1) Pointed out by many is the amount of time the entire decision-making
process takes.

2) There are a lot of critics from everyone is allowed to contribute to the
decision-making process.
VIDEO 3

The Advantages and disadvantages and
of the Leadership/ Democratic Style
FREE REIGN STYLE
+ Minimal control by the
leader or manager and
maximum flexibility for
the team members.

+To be used when if we fully
trust and confidence in the people below us.

+Offer no or very little guidance to the members of the same
group, leaving the making of decisions to other group
members.

+Effective in those situations where most employees or
members happen to be highly qualified and skillful in their
area experience.

FREE REIGN STYLE IN ISLAM
+.The Qurn states:

Let there be no compulsion in religion.

Accordingly, Muslim jurists have concluded that while Islam is the preferred
belief and way of life, it cannot be imposed on anyone.
When non-Muslims became members of a Muslim nation, either through
capture of territory or through migration, they were free to practice their
beliefs.

+ The Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) used a coaching style with his
followers. The objective of coaching in Islam as a Tarbiyah (moral
training) is to focus on the self development of the individual as a
Muslim.
+When the Prophet (pbuh) dealt with companions who had higher
responsibilities and deeper understanding of Islam, he would ask more from
them.
For example, at the time of Hijrah (immigration to Madinah18), the Prophet
(pbuh) asked Ali (ra) to stay behind in order to repay some things entrusted to
and deposited with the
Prophet.
+Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) emphasized the idea of a guardian-
leader to protect his community against tyranny and oppression, to
encourage God-consciousness, and to promote justice. Ibn Umar (ra)
reported,

All of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards. The ruler
is a guardian and the man is a guardian of his family; the lady is a
guardian and is responsible for her husbands house and his offspring;
and so all of you are Khilafah: Vicegerent, deputy, and successorship
guardians and are responsible for your wards. (Alim, 2000, Sahih Al-
Bukhari, V.)
+Followers should be able to freely express their views or
objections and have their questions answered. It is the
responsibility of the leaders to empower the people to speak,
even to criticize. Give them that possibility to criticize him
(Siddiqi, 1997)
+Would be unsuccessful
if administered on a highly
inexperienced or
immature team.

+Employees are able to
analyze the situation and
determine what needs
to be done and how to do
it.

+Give ability to a worker who knows more about the job to handle
and this allows the leader to be at other places, doing other things.

+Good performers need free reign to perform best, but for
beginners and marginal performers this style is completely
ineffective.

+Help employees forge long-term goals and develop plans to meet
those goals.

LEADERSHIP:ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Each of you is a leader,and each of you will be held
responsible for his leadership
-Prophet Muhammad S.A.W-

Leadership , from the Islamic perspective , is not just about
managing changes, but to manage life as a whole with full
realization of what is permanent and unchangeable.

Leadership is a trust (amanah), and with that comes
responsibility (taklif) and accountability (masuliyyah)


LEADERSHIP:ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Recognize the spiritual and psychological sources of human
derivations and behaviors (Al-Buraey, 1985).
Islamic approach of leadership is a human-oriented
approach rather than a production-oriented approach (Al-
Buraey, 1985).
From an Islamic perspective, the situation and its
characteristics are important factors that affect the
leadership process, but the leaders perception of what is
happening in the situation will affect the leaders behavior
and style (Beekun & Badawi, 1999).

LEADERSHIP:ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
A leader should adjust his style of leadership to fit
the situation and the level of his followers.
Example:
The Prophet Mohammad (saw) was directive at the
battle of Uhd. In this battle, the Prophet (saw)
asked 50 men to keep the cavalry away from
Muslims and not to let the enemy approach the
Muslim army from the rear. Then, the Prophet
proceeded to arrange the vanguard, giving the
order that fighting should not begin without his
permission. (Ghazali, 1999).
ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN
ISLAM
Islamic leadership is a virtue-oriented approach
that seeks to maximize Islamic virtue and ethical
standards.
Stresses on good character (husn al-khuluq) which
encompasses :
Wisdom
Courage
Temperance
Justice



ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN
ISLAM
Wisdom(Hikmah):
The ability to tell right from wrong
God given trait to man, guidance in making decision.
Leaders should be wise(full of wisdom) in handling
conflict or making critical decision

Courage(Shajaah):
Extreme of courage leads to anger, its deficiency leads
to cowardliness.
A leader must possess this trait in order to lead an
organization, and face challenges that lies ahead


ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN
ISLAM
Temperance (iffah)
Is being moderate. Extreme of temperance leads to greed and deficiency of
it leads to annihilation of desire
Virtue of temperance is achieved when desire yields to reason and religion
A leader, often surrounded by temptations of all sorts, should always hold on
to this virtue in order to lead his organization towards success, and also to
ensure his success in the hereafter.

Justice(adalah)
Derived from one of the Beautiful Names of God
Condition of things being in their rightful place
Wisdom is the knowledge of limits, and justice is based upon wisdom
A good leader must lead wisely as to not cause injustice to his subordinates

THANK YOU.