Atoll Lte Features

ATOLL LTE FEATURES
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts 2. LTE Planning Overview 3. Modelling an LTE Network 4. LTE Predictions 5. MIMO Modelling 6. Neighbour Allocation 7. Automatic Resource Planning 8. Frequency Plan Analysis 9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations 10. Using Drive Tests 11. Terminology and Concepts
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1. LTE Concepts
Context and background
OFDM/OFDMA basics
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Context and Background

What is LTE?
What is 4G?
Why LTE?
LTE deployment
RF planning/optimisation tool requirements for LTE
Evolution of LTE
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What is LTE?
LTE = Long Term Evolution
3GPP1s project name for Evolved UTRA2 (e-UTRA) Next generation of 3GPP-based mobile networks (GSM/GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA, and TD-SCDMA) One of the 3 standards on which 4G cellular networks will be based
LTE WiMAX UMB3
1 2 3
from 3GPP from IEEE and the WiMAX Forum from 3GPP2
Third Generation Partnership Project UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Ultra Mobile Broadband
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What is 4G?
Provides improvements over existing 2G and 3G networks
High data rates at high mobile speeds: ~100Mbps in DL, 50Mbps in UL with MIMO Inter-working and support for mobility: Handovers to 3G and 2G layers and roaming Service and content convergence: VoIP, download, streaming, TV, VOD, etc. All IP backbone
Based on some form of OFDM

Implement smart antenna/MIMO techniques Use higher order modulation techniques Support for scalability: Channel bandwidth adaptation
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What is 4G?
Evolution of Mobile Technologies
WiMAX 802.16e-2005 OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
WiMAX 802.16m OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A IP transport
EV-DO Rev.C OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
HSDPA / HSUPA IP Transport
HSPA+ MIMO All-IP
3G LTE
OFDM
All-IP
MIMO
AAS
EDGE Evolution
2006
2007
2008
2009
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What is 4G?
Evolution of 3GPP Standards
Release 99: Release 4: Release 5: Release 6: Release 7: Release 8: UMTS FDD UMTS TDD + FDD Repeaters HSDPA HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink) + MBMS HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, Higher Order Modulation, etc.) LTE FDD and TDD
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Why LTE?
Huge potential market share
GSM (80.4 % market share) Around 670 operators in ~200 countries More than 3 billion subscribers worldwide UMTS HSPA (7.8 % market share) Around 105 operators in ~47 countries Nearly 300 million subscribers worldwide
Potential market share for UMB: 11 % Economic

Possibility to reuse part of existing 3G equipment hardware with software defined radio Spectrum already allocated to operators
Convergence of market and user needs

Multi-play services (voice, data, broadcast, )
Number of mobile subscriptions worldwide: > 3.8 billion

Why LTE?
Improvements over 3G (UMTS HSPA)
Data Rates DL: 14.4 Mbps & UL: 5.7 Mbps
Up to 100 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL
Cyclic Prefix
Highly sensitive to Inter-symbol Interference
LTE vs. 3G
Min 5 MHz Spectrum
Min 1.4 MHz Highly sensitive to Frequency Selective Fading

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Orthogonal Subcarriers
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LTE Deployment
1st phase:
A few trial sites in urban areas where provision of high data rate services has market potential Site locations probably the same as existing 3G sites Spectrum sharing with existing 3G cell (1 carrier dedicated to the trial LTE layer)
2nd phase:
Replacement of 3G sites with on-air LTE sites, or Co-existence of 3G and LTE coverage layers
High Speed
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Handovers
High Throughput
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LTE Deployment
Migration from any 3GPP technology to LTE
Rational choice for GSM and GSM/UMTS operators Some CDMA operators might also opt for LTE instead of UMB Very few GSM operators would opt for WiMAX Rarely any green-field scenarios
GSM
GPRS EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
LTE
Non-3GPP Technologies
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Evolution of LTE
Future: IMT-Advanced
Most 4G networks will move to
LTE Advanced WiMAX 802.16m
100 Mbps to 1 Gbps in DL

100 Mbps for fast moving users 1 Gbps for slow to stationary users
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OFDM/OFDMA Basics
OFDM definition and differences between FDM and OFDM
Advanced OFDM : OFDMA Multiple access techniques and duplexing methods Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA OFDM/OFDMA in LTE
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What is OFDM ?
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Also known as Discrete MultiTone (DMT) or Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) Advanced form of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
FDM : single modulated radio signal per user OFDM : hundreds to thousands of separate radio signals (subcarriers) spread across a wideband channel. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other
Time period for modulation: OFDM symbol

Adjustable guard periods : cyclic prefix used to dissipate multipath effect Symbol rate = f(channel bandwidth, carrier spacing - Distance between subcarriers)
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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

Time
Symbols
Subcarriers
Frequency
1 OFDM symbol
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Differences between FDM and OFDM

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Carriers separated by guard bands low spectrum usage efficiency More carriers more guard bands decrease in efficiency Therefore, usually large carrier widths are used Large carrier widths low symbol duration (f=(1/t)) more sensitive to time delays
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Differences between FDM and OFDM

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Centre point of subcarrier c intersects with subcarriers c-1 and c+1 at their 0 values
Narrowband orthogonal carriers negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI) Long symbol durations + cyclic prefix negligible inter-symbol-interference (ISI) No ICI and ISI no intra-cell interference Possibility to support less robust modulations like 64QAM, 16QAM, for higher throughput
Advanced OFDM : OFDMA

OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDM
Each user is allocated the full channel : capacity wasting
OFDMA
Each user can be assigned only a part of the entire channel at a time Ability to subdivide the subcarrier population : more than one user served at a time
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Subchannels
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Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
Negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI)
Thanks to orthogonal subcarriers which can be transmitted by the use of Fast Fourier Transform (equipment evolution) Use of less robust modulation
Increased data rate
Improved resilience (ISI)

Sending data across parallel carriers lower rate/carrier Fewer modulation symbols longer symbol duration
Better chance to correctly sample signal
Efficient usage of the spectrum Better resistance to frequency selective fading channel Multiple access (time and frequency multiplexing techniques)
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Multiplexing and Duplexing

Uses SOFDMA (same as WiMAX 802.16e) in DL
SOFDMA: Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Uses SC-FDMA in UL (an OFDM variant not much different from SOFDMA)
SC-FDMA: Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
Can be deployed in FDD and TDD
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Multiple Access Techniques
1g 4g
2g 3g
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OFDM and OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Provides resource allocation flexibility
Scalable OFDMA
Channel bandwidth is scalable, i.e., can be adapted as needed
1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Bandwidth (MHz)
LTE Channel Structure

OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
A channel is composed of more than 1 Frequency Block (FB)
Equivalent of Subchannel in WiMAX Fixed width = 180 kHz (LTE system level constant) 1 Frequency Block over 1 slot = 1 Resource Block (RB) (Elementary unit assigned to 1 user) Benefit of SC-FDMA: Low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Easier UE Design
Each FB is composed of many Subcarriers

Two Subcarrier widths possible: 15 kHz, 7.5 kHz 1 FB = 12 SCa of 15 kHz OR 24 SCa of 7.5 kHz 7.5 kHz specified for MBMS/SFN services Narrow subcarrier width Longer symbol duration + Longer Cyclic Prefix = More resistant against multipath
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LTE Channel Structure
Spectrum Allocation 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Subcarrier Spacing
Sampling Frequency 1.92 MHz (1/2 x 3.84) 3.84 MHz (1 x 3.84)
FFT Size
Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Number of Used Subcarriers 72 (73) 180 (181) 300 (301) 600 (601) 900 (901) 1200 (1201)
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
15 kHz (7.5 kHz for MBMS)
7.68 MHz (2 x 3.84)
15.36 MHz (4 x 3.84)

23.04 MHz (6 x 3.84) 30.72 MHz (8 x 3.84)
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LTE Frame Structure

TDD and FDD
Specific frame structures for TDD and FDD 1 frame = 10 ms = 2 half-frames (TDD) = 10 subframes or TTI (each 1 ms) = 20 slots (each 0.5 ms) 1 slot (0.5 ms) = 6 or 7 symbol durations Control channels transmitted on subframes 0 and 5 (always DL) Two possible cyclic prefix durations: Normal or Extended (resp. 7 or 6 OFDM symbols per slot)
10 ms
LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0
SF 1
0.5 ms
..
SF 9
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3
..
Slot 18
Slot 19
OFDM Symbol 0
OFDM Symbol 1
OFDM Symbol 2
OFDM Symbol 3
OFDM Symbol 4
OFDM Symbol 5
OFDM Symbol 6
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
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CP
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LTE Frame Structure

FDD Frame
FDD Frame = 10 ms Subframe 1 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TDD Frame with (DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS as in TD-SCDMA)

Full- and Half-frame switching point periodicity Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TD-SCDMA subframe
TDD Frame = 10 ms (with SPP = Frame) Half frame = 5 ms Subframe 1 ms 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
DwPTS GP UpPTS
DwPTS GP UpPTS
TDD Frame = 10 ms (with SPP = Frame) Half frame = 5 ms Subframe 1 ms 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DwPTS GP UpPTS
Physical Channels
Random access
HARQ feedback CQI reporting UL scheduling request CQI reporting for MIMO related feedback
Traffic
Slot/Frame synchronization & Cell Id identification HARQ feedback Transport format UL scheduling grant Resource allocation
eNode-B
Traffic, MBMS Control information Paging

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Control and Traffic Channels
Logical
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Transport
BCH PCH DL-SCH UL-SCH MCH RACH
Physical
PBCH PDSCH PUSCH PUCCH PMCH PRACH
DL TCH
UL TCH
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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)

Structure of a Resource Block
Frame structure of Type I, 1 antenna, F = 15 kHz
Standard frequency block
Any frequency block within the centre 6 frequency blocks:
Legend:
Downlink Reference Signals PBCH P-SCH S-SCH PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH DL-SCH
Subcarriers in a resource block are adjacent RBs allocated to mobiles are not necessary adjacent Interference Coordination
OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM Symbol 0 OFDM Symbol 1 OFDM Symbol 2 OFDM Symbol 3 OFDM Symbol 4 OFDM Symbol 5 OFDM Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
Legend: Downlink Reference signals PBCH P-SCH S-SCH PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH DL-SCH
SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
Centre 6 RBs
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
1 frame = 10 subframes (10 ms)
P-SCH and S-SCH ~ Preamble in WiMAX DL Reference signals ~ Pilot subcarriers in WiMAX
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
SC-FDMA LTE Frame (UL)

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM Symbol 0 OFDM Symbol 1 OFDM Symbol 2 OFDM Symbol 3 OFDM Symbol 4 OFDM Symbol 5 OFDM Symbol 6 CP CP CP CP CP CP CP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
Legend: Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal Uplink Sounding Reference Signal PUCCH Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCCH
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame = 10 subframes (10 ms)
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Cell Search/Synchronisation
UE SCH detection over a 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz spectrum
SCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers BCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers
Detect spectrum centre and 1.25 MHz spectrum 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz spectrum
eNode-B SCH and BCH band
SCH and BCH frequency reception
1.25 MHz spectrum
72 subcarriers
Data transmission on assigned spectrum provided by System Information
BCH information reception Sub-carriers for data
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Frequency Planning
Usual 1x3x1 and 1x3x3 allocations
F1
F1
F1
F2
F3
F1
F1
F3
F2
Frequency
Fractional Frequency Allocation: like segmentation in WiMAX

Possibility to allocate 3 fractions of the a channel to 3 sectors of a site Provides better spectrum usage and interference reduction
Seg1 Seg1 F1 F1 Seg 3 Seg 2 Seg 3 Seg 2 F1 Seg 1 Seg 2 Seg 3
F1
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Handovers in LTE
Hard handover
Fast BS Selection
No soft handover specified for LTE

MIMO Systems in LTE

Multiple Input Multiple Outputs (MIMO) systems
Stations and user equipment can support MIMO systems
Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at the transmitter and user equipment
Supported MIMO systems:

Transmit or Receive Diversity (Tx/Rx Div) More than one transmission antenna to send the same data Improvement of CINR Single-user MIMO or spatial multiplexing (SM) More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna Improvement of throughput for a given CINR Adaptive MIMO switch (AMS) Technique to switch from SM to Tx/Rx Diversity as CINR conditions get worse than a given threshold Multi-user MIMO or collaborative MIMO Multiplexing of several users with good enough radio conditions More than one cell reception antenna to receive transmissions from several users over the same frequency-time allocation (UL only) Can be used with single-antenna user equipment Improvement of UL capacity in terms of number of connected users
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Training Program
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2. LTE Planning Overview

LTE features supported in Atoll
LTE workflow in Atoll
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LTE Features supported in Atoll

Supports Evolved UTRA (3GPP Release 8 LTE) Networks
Various frequency bands Scalable channel bandwidths Resource blocks per channel and sampling frequencies Support of TDD and FDD frame structures Half-frame/full-frame switching point periodicities for TDD Normal and extended cyclic prefixes
Downlink and uplink control channels and overheads

Downlink and uplink reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, PDCCH, PUCCH, etc.
Physical cell IDs Possibility of fixed subscriber database for fixed applications Support of directional CPE antennas
LTE Features supported in Atoll

Supports Evolved UTRA (3GPP Release 8 LTE) Networks
Signal level based coverage planning CINR based coverage planning Network capacity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations Scheduling and resource allocation in two-dimensional frames Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems
Transmit and Receive Diversity Single-User MIMO or spatial multiplexing Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS) Modelling of Multi-User MIMO (collaborative MIMO UL only)
Tools for resource allocation

Automatic allocation of neighbours and physical cell Ids Automatic allocation of frequencies (AFP) (Optional)
Network verification possible using test mobile data

LTE Workflow in Atoll

Open an existing project or create a new one Network configuration - Add network elements - Change parameters Basic predictions (Best server, signal level) Automatic or manual neighbour allocation Automatic or manual frequency planning Automatic or manual physical cell ID planning Traffic maps
And/or
Monte-Carlo simulations Cell load conditions Signal quality and throughput predictions
User-defined values
Subscriber lists
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Frequency plan analysis
Prediction study reports
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Training Program
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3. Modelling an LTE Network

Frequency bands
LTE Frame structure settings Transmitter parameters Cell parameters
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Frequency Bands
Frequency bands
Atoll can model multi-band networks within the same document TDD (Time Division Duplexing) or FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) One frequency band assigned to each cell
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LTE Frame structure settings

Transmitter folder global parameters
Normal (default) or extended cyclic prefix (No. of SD per slot) e.g.: at 15 kHz, 7 SD/slot (normal) or 6 SD/slot (extended) Number of SD for Physical Downlink Control Channel (0,1,2 or 3) carrying DL and UL Resource allocation information
System-level constants (Hard-coded)

Width of a resource block (180 kHz) Frame duration (10 ms)
TDD option only : Switch from DL to UL every half frame (default) or every frame
Average number of resource blocks for Physical Uplink Control Channel (top and bottom of frame transmitted every 2 slots)
Other control channel overheads defined by 3GPP (calculated based on 3GPP specs)
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Reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, etc.

Transmitter Parameters
Cells: (Tx-carrier) pairs Specifications of carriers in a transmitter
Equipment specifications
DL and UL total losses, noise figure
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output systems) reception and transmission settings
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Cell Parameters
Cell activity Cell order used for carrier selection Channel number in the frequency band (and allocation status) Resource allocation min reuse distance Power and energy offsets from computed reference signal Scheduler used for bearer selection and resource allocation Frame configuration (TDD only) UL and DL MIMO support (Tx/Rx Div, SU-MIMO/SM, AMS and/or MU-MIMO) Threshold to switch from SM to Tx/Rx Div or for using MU-MIMO Max UL and DL traffic loads to be respected during simulations
Cells frequency band

Physical Cell ID ( and allocation status) Reference signal quality threshold used as cell coverage limit LTE equipment used for bearer selection/quality indicator studies/MIMO gains Maximum simultaneous users supported by the cell*
Cell capacity gain in case of MU-MIMO

UL/DL traffic loads* UL noise rise due to surrounding mobiles* Effect of external sources of interferences Neighbour list
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* User-defined or simulation output

Inputs of the neighbour allocation algorithm

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Training Program
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4. LTE Predictions
Introduction
Parameters used in predictions
Prediction settings
Fast link adaptation modelling
Coverage prediction examples
Point analysis studies
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Introduction
Coverage predictions
General studies based on downlink reference signal levels
Best server plot based on downlink reference signal levels Multiple server coverage based on downlink reference signal levels Reference signal signal level plots Reference signal CNR plots
LTE UL and DL specific studies

SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal level plots SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CNR plots Quality studies (reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots) Best bearer plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
Point predictions
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Introduction
Principles of the studies based on traffic
Study calculated for
Given load conditions UL noise rise DL traffic load A non-interfering user with A service A mobility A terminal type with a directive antenna (oriented towards the serving cell)
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Load Conditions
Load conditions are defined in the cells table
Values taken into consideration in predictions for each cell
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Service Properties

Highest bearers in UL and DL Body loss Application throughput parameters
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LTE Bearer Properties

Support for multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
User-selectable modulations (QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM) User-definable coding rates (e.g. 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, etc.) User-definable bearer efficiencies (useful bits per resource element)
Used for channel throughput evaluation
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LTE Bearer Properties

Link adaptation in LTE
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Mobility Properties

Mapping between mobilities and thresholds in bearer and quality indicator determination (as radio conditions depend on user speed).
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Terminal Properties
Support of MIMO

Reception equipment Antenna settings (incl. MIMO support) Maximum terminal power Gain and losses Noise figure
Number of Antenna ports in UL and DL in case of MIMO support
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Do not require Monte-Carlo simulations or subscriber lists
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal level plots
Best server plot

Coverage by signal level Multiple server coverage
Preamble signal quality based coverage predictions

Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving cell) Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CNR plots
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Traffic channel CINR based coverage predictions
Based on user-defined cell loads or on Monte-Carlo simulation results Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving cell) Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots Best bearer plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
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Fast Link Adaptation Modelling

Atoll determines, on each pixel, the highest bearer that each user can obtain
No soft handover Connection to the best server in term of reference signal level (C) Bearer chosen according to the radio conditions (PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels)
Process : prediction done via look-up tables

Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughput calculation
Reference signal quality evaluation (C)
Highest bearer determination limited by the service settings
Best server and service area determination (C/N)
PDSCH and PUSCH CINR calculation
Quality indicator (BER, BLER)
Interference Estimation
Atoll calculates PDSCH and PUSCH CINR according to:
The victim traffic (PUSCH or PDSCH) power The interfering signals impacted by:
The interferer powers The path loss from the interferer to the victim Antenna gain Losses from interferer (incl. Shadowing effect and indoor losses)
The interference reduction due to the co and adjacent channel overlap between the studied and the interfering base stations The interference reduction factor due to interfering base stations traffic load
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Bearer Selection
When PDSCH and PUSCH CINR are evaluated, the bearer is selected according to:
The LTE reception equipment defined at reception (cell for UL, terminal for DL) The CINR threshold to access each bearer Scheduler parameters of the serving cell
Bearer selection criterion The uplink bandwidth allocation target
The highest possible bearer according to the service settings
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Bearer Selection
Scheduler settings for bearer determination
Bearer selection criterion: Bearer index: selection of the highest bearer index Peak RLC throughput: selection of the highest peak RLC throughput Effective RLC throughput: selection of the highest effective RLC throughput
Uplink bandwidth allocation target: Full bandwidth: use of all the frequency blocks Maintain connection: number of frequency blocks reduced one by one to increase the PUSCH CINR so that the mobile is able to get at least the lowest bearer (as defined by the bearer selection criterion) Best bearer: number of frequency blocks reduced to increase the PUSCH CINR so that the mobile is able to get the best bearer available (as defined by the bearer selection criterion)
Throughput Estimation
When the bearer is selected, the channel throughput is calculated according to:
The channel bandwidth and the sampling frequency The frame definition considering hard coded parameters and user-defined ones (global parameters tab or the Transmitter folder property box).
The cyclic prefix ratio

The bearer efficiency defined in the selected bearer
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Quality Indicator Estimation

When the bearer is selected, the quality indicator (BER or BLER) is obtained according to:
The graphs defined in the quality graph tab of the receiver equipment The selected bearer The calculated PDSCH and PUSCH CINRs The terminal mobility (optionally)
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Prediction Examples (General Studies)
Number of servers (Based on reference signal power)
Coverage by signal level (Based on reference signal power)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Coverage by PDSCH CINR (Directional receiver antenna)
Coverage by PDSCH CINR (Isotropic receiver antenna)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Coverage by PUSCH CINR (Directional receiver antenna)
Coverage by PUSCH CINR (Isotropic receiver antenna)
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Point Analysis Tool

Radio reception level at a given point : Reception tab
Select the reception tab in the point analysis window In the tool bar, click
Define receiver settings

Display preamble signal levels
Reference signal levels
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Point Analysis Tool

Radio reception diagnosis at a given point : Signal Analysis tab
Choice of UL&DL load conditions : if (cells table) is selected Analysis based on DL load and UL noise rise from cells table Definition of a userdefinable probe" receiver, indoor or not
SCH/PBCH, reference signals, PDSCH and PUSCH availability (or not)
Received reference signals (best server on the top)
Analysis detail on reference signals, PDSCH and PUSCH
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Training Program
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5. MIMO Modelling
Overview
MIMO settings in Atoll
MIMO Modelling in computations
Predictions examples
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MIMO Modelling Overview

Base stations and user equipment support MIMO systems
Gains graphs available in reception equipment
Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at base station and terminal Antenna diversity modes in Atoll LTE
Transmit/Receive Diversity (also called Space-Time Coding (STC) or Matrix A MIMO in other standards) More than one transmission antenna to send the same data Improvement of CINR Higher bearer Higher throughput Usually used in coverage areas with bad CINR conditions Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) or Spatial Multiplexing (SM) (also called Matrix B MIMO in other standards) More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna Improvement of throughput for a given CINR Usually used in coverage areas with good CINR conditions Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS) Technique to switch from SM to Tx/Rx Diversity as CINR conditions get worse than a given threshold
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MIMO Modelling Overview

Antenna diversity modes in Atoll LTE (Contd)
Multi-User MIMO or collaborative MIMO Multiplexing of several users with good enough radio conditions More than one cell reception antenna to receive transmissions from several users over the same frequency-time allocation (UL only) Can be used with single-antenna user equipment Improvement of UL capacity in terms of number of connected users
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MIMO Settings in Transmitters
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output systems) reception and transmission settings
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MIMO Settings in Cells

Definition of the MIMO support type (STTD/MRC (Transmit or Receive Diversity), SU-MIMO (SM), AMS or MU-MIMO UL Only)
Minimum reference signal C/N used as : - threshold to switch from SUMIMO to Tx/Rx Diversity - Minimum required for using MU-MIMO
Uplink capacity gain due to MU-MIMO. The cell capacity is multiplied by this gain at pixels where MU-MIMO is used
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MIMO Settings in Terminals

Reception equipment defining SU-MIMO and diversity gains
Support of MIMO
Number of Antenna ports in UL and DL in case of MIMO support

Transmit and Receive Diversity Settings

Diversity gain depending on the MIMO configuration
Additional Diversity gain per clutter class (DL and UL)
Sum of the gains applied on PDSCH/PUSCH CINR

SU-MIMO Settings
Maximum possible gain in channel capacity
SU-MIMO gain factor per clutter class
MIMO throughput = SISO throughput (1 + SU-MIMO gain factor (max MIMO gain 1))
MIMO Modelling in Computations

Predictions and simulations
On each pixel, a receiver is connected to its best server (in term of reference signal C/N) MIMO is possible if :
MIMO settings are defined in the LTE equipment selected at the cell for UL (or terminal for DL ) level The support of any MIMO mode (Tx/Rx diversity, SM, AMS, SU-MIMO) is defined for to the serving cell MIMO is supported by the users terminal The calculated reference signal C/N exceeds the reference signal C/N threshold
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Prediction Examples (MIMO Effect)

Coverage prediction examples (MIMO system)
Coverage by DL CINR (MIMO with 2*2 antenna)
Coverage by DL CINR (Without MIMO)
CINR improved for low values (due to Tx/Rx diversity)

Training Program
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6. Neighbour Allocation
Importing existing neighbour relationships
Neighbour automatic allocation
Neighbour graphical display
Modifying neighbour relationships manually
Exporting neighbour relationships
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships

Possibility to copy/paste or to import a list of neighbours
Intra-carrier and inter-carrier neighbours are mixed in the same table
Prerequisites
A text file with at least 2 columns
Source cells and neighbour cells Relationships must be defined between atoll format cell names
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (1/4)

Possibility to define neighbourhood constraints to be considered during the automatic neighbour allocation
List of neighbourhood relationships you may force or forbid
Allocation parameters
Maximum number of neighbours
Global value for all the transmitters or value specified for each transmitter
Maximum inter-site distance Allocation strategy based on the overlapping of cell coverage

Coverage conditions Calculation options
Overlapping criterion
Start allocation
Do not select the option if you want to keep existing neighbours
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Overlapping criterion
% min covered area is defined by the formula : (SA SB) / SA where : - SA is the coverage area of a restricted by ho start and ho end - SB is the best server area of cell B
Best reference signal level cell B (candidate) Best reference signal level cell A (reference) Cell B Best server area Cell A Best server area
Handover end
Reference signal threshold (from reference signal quality threshold)
Handover start
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Allocation result
Sorted list of neighbours with allocation reasons and importance value (0-1)
Allocation results
Sort and filtering tools
Commit selected neighbours only

Neighbour Graphical Display

Display of neighbourhood links on the map
Calculate a coverage by transmitter and display it on the map Select the icon in the toolbar and click a transmitter on the map
Symmetric link: site17_1(0) is neighbour of site23_1(0) and vice-versa Outwards link: site27_0(0) is neighbour of site23_1(0) Inwards link: site23_1(0) is neighbour of site22_0(0)
Neighbourhood relationships of site23_1(0)
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Neighbour Graphical Display

Possibility to display neighbour characteristics on the map
Calculate a coverage by transmitter and display it on the map Display neighbour relationships of the desired transmitter Click the icon from the toolbar
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Modifying Neighbour Relationships Manually

Possibility to add/remove neighbour relationships on the map using the ctrl and shift shortcuts
For intra-carrier neighbourhood links only
Possibility to add/remove neighbours in the cell property dialogue
Neighbour list of site5_2(0)
List of transmitters within a 30 km radius from the selected one (sorted in a ascending inter-site distance order)
Exporting Neighbour Relationships

Possibility to copy/paste or to export the list of neighbours
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Training Program
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7. Automatic Resource Planning

Automatic resource planning overview
Automatic physical cell ID allocation process
Automatic frequency allocation process
Frequency allocation examples
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Automatic Resource Planning Overview

Automatic Physical Cell ID Planning
Based on neighbour and distance relations Allocation of S-SCH IDs and P-SCH IDs
Automatic Resource Planning (Optional)

Based on interference matrices, neighbour, distance relations Possibility to lock frequencies for cells Can work with more than one frequency band in the same document Can also allocate physical cell IDs taking interference matrices into account
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process

Physical Cell ID definition : (physical cell ID of the cell)
Physical cell IDs defined in the 3GPP specifications. Integer value from 0 to 503
504 unique physical-layer cell identities. Grouped in 168 unique cell ID groups (called S-SCH IDs in Atoll), each group containing 3 unique identities (called P-SCH IDs in Atoll) S-SCH ID belongs to [0,167] and P-SCH ID is either 0, 1 or 2. Each cells reference signals transmit a pseudo-random sequence corresponding to the physical cell ID of the cell.
Physical Cell ID allocation to cells

Goals
Avoid using the same pseudo-random sequence in nearby cells Can cause problems in cell search and selection Avoid using the same P-SCH ID to nearby cells Can cause a lot of interference Use preferably the same S-SCH ID to cells of the same site Can help in measurements and handover procedures
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Automatic Physical Cell ID allocation in Atoll
Based on an iterative cost-based algorithm Different physical Cell ID allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each The best physical Cell ID allocation plan is the one with the lowest cost The cost is calculated for cells with the following relations
Neighbours (optional) Distance between cells < min reuse distance (optional) Frequency plan
Relations between cells can have different importance in the final cost
The importance of neighbour relation is calculated during the automatic neighbour allocation The importance of the relation based on the distance between cells (weighted by the antenna azimuths)
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Automatic physical Cell ID allocation prerequisites
Frequency plan
A channel manually assigned to each cell
Neighbour plan
Manually or automatically obtained Importance values
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Automatic physical Cell ID allocation process
Allocation cost constraints S-SCH ID allocation strategy
Allocated Physical Cell Ids, P-SCH IDs and SSCH IDs
Commit Physical Cell Ids to cells

Automatic Frequency Allocation Process

Optimization of the frequency allocation in a network
The optimum frequency plan minimizes the interference in the network Compliance with given constraints
Excluded channels Interferences Reuse distance Neighbour relations
The algorithm starts with the current frequency plan as the initial state
Frequencies can be locked for cells The AFP can work with more than one frequency band in the same document Channels can be excluded

Based on an iterative cost-based algorithm
Different frequency allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each The best frequency allocation plan is the one with the lowest global cost The cost is calculated for cells thanks to
Interference matrices
Probabilities of interference in co- and adjacent channel cases A probability calculated for each case for each interfered-interfering cell pair
Distance relation
For distance between cells < min reuse distance Takes into account distance, orientation of cells
Neighbours
Takes into account importance of neighbour relation (adjacent, co-site)
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Automatic resource allocation process
Possibility to allocate Physical Cell IDs or frequencies
Interference matrices calculation (to run before frequency allocation)
Allocation constraints Allocated channels
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Interference matrix calculation
For each cell pair, interference probability for co and adjacent channel cases Interference probability is the ratio between
Interfered surface area within the best server coverage area of the studied cell Best server coverage area of the studied cell
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Frequency Allocation Examples

Automatic frequency allocation in Atoll (example)
Same channel all over
Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=30 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=25 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=20 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=15 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=10 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=5 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=0 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-5 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-10 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-15 Reference Signal C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-20
Forsk 2009 Confidential Do not share without prior permission
0.0048 0.084 1.1228 5.8348 17.4132 40.244 77.7116 134.9424 160.302 161.0816 161.0816
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Manual allocation with 3 channels
1.308 5.9396 17.3372 37.472 65.39 99.5252 132.9688 157.2608 161.0736 161.0816 161.0816
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Automatic allocation with 3 channels
0.4784 2.7224 9.452 24.0344 48.532 81.5268 119.1992 155.772 161.074 161.0816 161.0816
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Manual allocation with 6 channels
4.6172 13.6912 30.2844 55.658 87.18 120.9552 147.5192 160.1648 161.0808 161.0816 161.0816
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Automatic allocation with 6 channels
3.4068 10.7292 24.9896 48.002 80.042 114.3036 142.5768 159.694 161.0812 161.0816 161.0816
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Training Program
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8. Frequency Plan Analysis

Channel and Physical Cell ID search tools
Physical Cell ID allocation audit
Physical Cell ID histograms
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Search Tool Overview

Tool to visualise channel and P-SCH ID reuse on the map
Possibility to find cells which are assigned a given :
Frequency band + channel Physical Cell ID P-SCH ID S-SCH ID
Way to use this tool

Create and calculate a coverage by transmitter with a colour display by transmitter
Open the search tool available in the view menu
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Channel Search Tool

Channel reuse on the map
Frequency band and Channel number
Colours given to transmitters Red : co-channel transmitters Yellow : multi-adjacent channel (-1 and +1) transmitters Green : adjacent channel (-1) transmitters Blue : adjacent channel (+1) transmitters Grey : other transmitters
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Physical Cell ID Search Tool

Physical Cell ID, P-SCH ID and S-SCH ID reuse on the map
Resource type
Resource value
Colours given to transmitters Red or grey: if the transmitters carries or not the specified resource value (Physical Cell ID, P-SCH ID or S-SCH ID)
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Physical Cell ID Allocation Audit

Verification of the allocation inconsistencies
Respect of the reuse distance Respect of neighbourhood constraints If the Physical Cell ID allocation strategy is respected
Inconsistencies are displayed in the default text editor
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Physical Cell ID Histograms

View of the Physical Cell ID distribution
Dynamic pointer
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Training Program
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9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations

Simulation process
Simulation creation Scheduling in simulations Simulation results Analysis of simulations
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Simulation Process
Whats a simulation in Atoll?
Distribution of users at a given moment (= snapshot)
Based on subscriber lists

Suitable for a fixed wireless access application
Based on traffic maps

Similar to UMTS/CDMA/WiMAX simulation process Can be used for a fixed application (statistical user-list modelling) Can be used for a mobile application (Monte-Carlo distribution of mobile users)
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Simulation Process
Requirement: subscriber list and/or traffic map(s)
The user distribution is generated using a Monte-Carlo algorithm

Based on traffic database and subscriber list/traffic map(s) Weighted by a Poisson distribution
Each user is assigned

A service, a mobility type, a terminal and an activity status by random trial
According to a probability law using traffic database
A geographic position in the traffic zone by random trial

According to the clutter weighting and indoor ratio (user location is the same as subscriber location if the simulation is based on a subscriber list)
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Simulation Creation
Optional growing factor on the selected traffic map(s)
Number of simulations to run for the current session
Selection of traffic map(s) as traffic input
Load constraints to respect during simulations (global value or value per cell)
Selection of subscriber list(s) as traffic input (dedicated to fixed wireless access application)
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Scheduling in Simulations
Scheduling and radio resource management
Filtering of mobiles up to cell capacity limits (max UL and DL loads) Different schedulers available:
Max C/I Proportional Demand Proportional Fair
First pass
Resource allocation for the minimum throughput demands depending on the service priorities of the users (priority field in services)
Second pass
Distribution of the remaining resources between users according to the schedulers defined in each cell in order to reach the max throughput demand
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Simulation Results (1)

Analysis provided over the focus zone
Main simulation results include
Per cell
UL and DL traffic loads UL noise rise UL and DL aggregate cell throughputs Traffic input and connection statistics
Per mobile
Serving transmitter and cell Azimuth and tilt (towards the serving cell) Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal levels Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference levels Best bearers based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Cell throughputs, cell capacities, and user throughputs PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels Connection status and rejection cause
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Analysis provided over the focus zone
5 tabs : statistics, sites, cells, mobiles, initial conditions
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Writes the UL/DL traffic loads and the UL noise rise into the cells table
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Display the users (terminals) on the map depending on the connection status
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Analysis of Simulations
Calculation of LTE prediction studies based on simulations
Analysis of a single simulation
Prediction based on the results of the simulation (DL load, UL noise rise, etc)
Average analysis of all the simulations in a group
Prediction based on the average of simulations in the group (average DL load, and average UL noise rise)
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Training Program
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10. Using Drive Tests
Import of test mobile data path
Drive test management
Drive test graphic analysis
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Import of Test Mobile Data Paths

Overview
Measurement path related to a serving cell and its neighbours Check and improve the network quality
Import
Supported files

Any ASCII text file (with tab, semi-colon or blank character as separator) TEMS FICS-planet export (*.Pln) TEMS text export (*.Fmt)
Standard import as in excel Mandatory information Position of measurement points Physical Cell ID You can import any additional information related to measurement points Definition and storage of import configurations Multiple import
Procedure
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Drive Tests Managements

Table
List of all the measurement points with their attributes and additional information
Standard content management and tools (filters, copy-paste, etc...)
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Management of measurement path points
Option of extracting a field related to a specific transmitter along a path
Creation of any prediction on the transmitters measured along the path Option of creating as many CW measurement paths as the number of involved transmitters along the path. These data can be used to calibrate any propagation model

Filter per type(s) of clutter
Advanced filter on additional survey data
Permanent deletion of outof-filter points

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List of defined studies in the measurement table
Option of preparing additional prediction studies along the path using the existing transmitter parameters (antennas, propagation models, etc)

Using the Atoll display dialog, you can display the points according to any data contained in the measurement table
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis

Test mobile data analysis window
Display on the map
Transmitters measured and indexed for the current point.
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis

Test mobile data analysis window
Option of displaying variation of any selected numeric field along the selected path
Synchronisation table map measurement window
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Training Program
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll

Resources
In Atoll, the term "resource" is used to refer to the average number of resource units, expressed in % (as traffic loads, when the average is performed over a considerably long duration) of the total number of resource units in a superframe of 1 sec.
Frame
An LTE frame is 10 ms long. The duration of a frame is a system-level constant. Each frame comprises 10 1 ms-long subframes, with each subframe containing 2 0.5 ms-long slots. Each slot can have 7 or 6 symbol durations for normal or extended cyclic prefix, respectively, and for a 15 kHz subcarrier width. A slot can have 3 symbol durations for extended cyclic prefix used with a 7.5 kHz subcarrier width. LTE includes specific frame structures for FDD and TDD systems. For TDD systems, two switching point periodicities can be used; half-frame or full frame. Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TD-SCDMA subframe. The PBCH and the two SCH are carried by subframes 0 and 5, which means that these 2 subframes are always used in downlink. A subframe is synonymous with TTI (transmission time interval), i.e., the minimum unit of resource allocation in the time domain.
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LTE frame structures (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)


Resource Element, Symbol, or Modulation Symbol
In Atoll a symbol refers to one resource element or one modulation symbol, which is 1 symbol duration long and 1 subcarrier width wide.
Symbol Duration
In Atoll a symbol duration refers to one OFDM symbol, which is the duration of one modulation symbol over all the subcarriers/frequency blocks being used.
Subcarrier
An OFDM channel comprises many narrowband carriers called subcarriers. OFDM subcarriers are orthogonal frequency-domain waveforms generated using Fast Fourier Transforms.
Frequency Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain, i.e., the width of a resource block, 180 kHz. It is a system-level constant. A frequency block can either contain 12 subcarriers of 15 kHz each or 24 subcarriers of 7.5 kHz each.
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Resource Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation, i.e., 1 frequency block by 1 slot. Schedulers are able perform resource allocation every subframe (TTI, transmission time interval), however, the granularity of resource allocation 1 slot in time, i.e., the duration of a resource block, and 1 frequency block in frequency.
LTE resource blocks
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LTE Logical Channels: LTE logical channels include:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) (DL): Carries broadcast control information. Paging Control Channel (PCCH) (DL): Carries paging control information. Common Control Channel (CCCH) (DL and UL): Carries common control information. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) (DL and UL): Carries control information dedicated to users. Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) (DL and UL): Carries user traffic data. Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) (DL): Carries multicast control information. Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) (DL): Carries multicast traffic data.
LTE Transport Channels: LTE transport channels include:

Broadcast Channel (BCH) (DL): Carries broadcast information. Paging Channel (PCH) (DL): Carries paging information. Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) (DL): Carries common and dedicated control information and user traffic data. It can also be used to carry broadcast and multicast control information and traffic in addition to the BCH and MCH. Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) (UL): Carries common and dedicated control information and user traffic data. Multicast Channel (MCH) (DL): Carries multicast information. Random Access Channel (RACH) (UL): Carries random access requests from users.

LTE Physical Layer Channels: LTE physical layer channels include:
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) (DL): Carries broadcast information. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) (DL): Carries paging information, common and dedicated control information, and user traffic data. It can also be used to carry broadcast and multicast control information and traffic in addition to the PBCH and PMCH. Parts of this channel carry the primary and secondary synchronisation channels (P-SCH and S-SCH), the downlink reference signals, the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the physical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH), and the physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH). Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) (UL): Carries common and dedicated control information and user traffic data. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) (UL): Carries control information. Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) (DL): Carries multicast information. Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) (UL): Carries random access requests from users.
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LTE logical, transport, and physical layer channels (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)
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User
A general term that can also designate a subscriber, mobile, and receiver.
Subscriber
Users with fixed geographical coordinates.
Mobile
Users generated and distributed during simulations. These users have, among other parameters, defined services, terminal types, and mobility types assigned for the duration of the simulations.
Receiver
A probe mobile, with the minimum required parameters needed for the calculation of path loss, used for propagation loss and raster coverage predictions.
Bearer
A Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used to carry data over the channel.
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Peak RLC Throughput
The maximum RLC layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location using the highest LTE bearer available. This throughput is the raw data rate without considering the effects of retransmission due to errors and higher layer coding and encryption.
Effective RLC Throughput

The net RLC layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of throughput due to retransmission due to errors.
Application Throughput
The application layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of throughput due to PDU/SDU header information, padding, encryption, coding, and other types of overhead.
Channel Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the highest LTE bearer available with the entire cell resources (downlink or uplink).

User Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the highest LTE bearer available with the amount of resources allocated to a user by the scheduler.
Traffic Loads
The uplink and downlink traffic loads are the percentages of the uplink and the downlink frames in use (allocated) to the traffic (mobiles) in the uplink and in the downlink, respectively.
Uplink Noise Rise

Uplink noise rise is a measure of uplink interference with respect to the uplink noise. This parameter is one of the two methods in which uplink interference can be expressed with respect to the noise. The other parameter often used instead of the uplink noise rise is the uplink load factor. Usually, the uplink load factor is kept as a linear value (in %) while the uplink noise rise is expressed in dB. The two parameters express exactly the same information, and can be inter-converted.
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THANK YOU!
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Atoll Lte Features

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Atoll Lte Features

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ATOLL LTE FEATURES

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Context and Background

RF planning/optimisation tool requirements for LTE

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Based on some form of OFDM

WiMAX 802.16m OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A IP transport

EV-DO Rev.C OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS

HSDPA / HSUPA IP Transport

HSPA+ MIMO All-IP

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Potential market share for UMB: 11 % Economic

Convergence of market and user needs

Number of mobile subscriptions worldwide: > 3.8 billion

Data Rates DL: 14.4 Mbps & UL: 5.7 Mbps

Up to 100 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL

Highly sensitive to Inter-symbol Interference

Min 5 MHz Spectrum

Min 1.4 MHz Highly sensitive to Frequency Selective Fading

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100 Mbps to 1 Gbps in DL

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Time period for modulation: OFDM symbol

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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

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Differences between FDM and OFDM

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Differences between FDM and OFDM

Advanced OFDM : OFDMA

Subchannels Forsk 2009 Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Improved resilience (ISI)

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Multiplexing and Duplexing

Can be deployed in FDD and TDD

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Multiple Access Techniques

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OFDM and OFDMA

LTE Channel Structure

Each FB is composed of many Subcarriers

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LTE Channel Structure

Spectrum Allocation 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Sampling Frequency 1.92 MHz (1/2 x 3.84) 3.84 MHz (1 x 3.84)

Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100

128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

15 kHz (7.5 kHz for MBMS)

7.68 MHz (2 x 3.84)

15.36 MHz (4 x 3.84)

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LTE Frame Structure

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3

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LTE Frame Structure

TDD Frame with (DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS as in TD-SCDMA)

TDD Frame = 10 ms (with SPP = Frame) Half frame = 5 ms Subframe 1 ms 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Traffic, MBMS Control information Paging