PERIODIC TABLE

GROUP 18 Quick Review (text book m/s 65)

1. a) Neon is found as single atom. Neon is inert which means chemically unreactive. b) Helium is less dense and inflammable c) Argon is an inert gas which means it cannot react with tungsten filament.Using regular air, which contains oxygen, means that the hot filament will instantly burn. Argon prevents the filament from burning, and the bulb lasts longer.

2. a) L , M , Q -The atomic size are increase from L to Q. - So, the forces of attraction between the atoms are stronger from L to Q. - Thus, more heat energy are required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction during the boiling process.

2b) They are noble gases and have octet electron arrangement. They have octet electron arrangement which are very stable

GROUP 1
Lithium, Li Sodium, Na Potassium, K Rubidium, Rb Caesium, Cs Francium, Fr

Physical Properties
Lithium, Sodium and potassium are solid When their surfaces are freshly cut, the solid appear silvery and shiny They are soft and melt easily Can conduct electricity Low boiling point and melting points

Changes in physical properties when going down the Group 1

When going down the group : Atomic size; Increases Because: The lower elements have more shells of electron

When going down the group : Melting and Boiling points ; Decreases Because : The size of the atoms increase down the group, cause the metallic bonding between atoms become weaker

When going down the group :

Density ; increases Because the increase in size of the atom will increase the mass of the atoms. Thus will produce the stronger intermolecular attraction. The atoms are closer resulting the density being higher

When going down the group :

Hardness ; decreases Because the metallic bonding decrease
Electronegativity ; increase Because the valence electron of the lower atoms are further away from the nucleus. Thus the electron valence easily donated

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Alkali metals are the most reactive of metal in periodic table All the elements have same electron valence (1 electron). Thus make them have same chemical properties.

1. Reaction with oxygen

Alkali metal + oxygen
Example ; Na + O2

alkali metal oxide

Na2O

 The alkali metal oxide formed can dissolve in water to produce alkali metal hydroxide solution Example : LiO + H2O

LiOH

2. Reaction with water

React with to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas Examples : Li + 2H2O

LiOH + H2

3. Reaction with halogen

React with halogen (group 17) to form metal halide Example

2Li + Br2

2LiBr

Quick Review (text book pg 69)

1. The reactivity of potassium is higher than sodium. It is because potassium has more shells of electron so electron valance is more far away from the nucleus. Thus the valence electron is easily donated to make the reaction

2. a) Observation : the reaction produced

colourless, crystalline solid Equation : 2Rb + Cl2 2RbCl

b) Observation : the Rubidium react very violently and immediately with bright flame. White solid is produced. Equation : 2Rb + 2H2O 2RbOH + H2

3. a)Yes. Because both of them have the same number of electron valance. The valance electron of R and T is 1 b) i) R2O ii) T2CO3

GROUP 17

Flourine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine

 Poisonous gas Known as halogen Halogens exists as diatomic gas (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2) Halogens are very reactive elements and exist as halide salts

Physical state of halogens at room temperature

Fluorine Pale yellow gas Chlorine Greenish yellow gas Bromine Reddish brown liquid Iodine Purplish black solid

Physical properties of Group 17

Melting points, boiling points and density increases down the group due the increasing of molecular size of the atoms. At room temperature: chlorine is a gas bromine is a liquid iodine is solid

Chemical Properties
Reaction with water Halogens react with water to form two acids.
Example :

Cl2 + H2O

HCl + HOCl

These two acids can act as bleaching agent

Reaction of chlorine with water

 Observation: As shown in the diagram above, chlorine gas dissolves in water to form a pale yellow solution. When the solution is tested with blue litmus paper, the blue litmus paper turns red before it is bleached. This shown that the solution is acidic and contain bleaching agent.
Discussion: Chlorine gas dissolves in water produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous(I) acid (HOCl). Hypochlorous(I) acid is a strong bleaching agent. It decolourises the colour of litmus paper. The equation of the reaction is shown below. Chlorine + Water Hydrochloric acid + Hypochlorus acid

Reaction of Bromine with Water

Observation: Bromine liquid dissolves slowly in water to form a yellowish-brown solution. When the solution is tested with blue litmus paper, the blue litmus paper turns red and then bleached slowly.
Discussion: Bromine liquid dissolves in water produces hydrobromic acid (HBr) and hypobromous(I) acid (HOBr). Hypobromous(I) acid is a weak bleaching agent. The equation of the reaction is shown below. Bromine + Water Hydrobromic acid + Hypobromous(I) acid

 Reaction of Iodine with Water

Observation: Only a little iodine dissolves in water to form a yellowish solution. When the solution is tested with blue litmus paper, the blue litmus paper turns red but it is not bleached . Discussion: Iodine solid slightly dissolves in water produces hydroiodic acid (HI) and hypoiodous(I) acid (HOI). Hypoiodous(I) acid has very weak bleaching characteristic.. The equation of the reaction is shown below. Iodine + Water Hydroiodic acid + Hypoiodous(I) acid

Conclusion
Chlorine, bromine and iodine are soluble in water to form an acidic solution. The solubility decreases down the group. Aqueous chlorine and bromine are bleaching agent. Aqueous iodine does not act as bleaching agent.

Reaction with metal (iron)

React with hot iron to form iron (III) halides (brown solid)
Example : Fe + Br2

FeBr3

Reaction with alkali ( sodium hydroxide)

1.

Table 1 shows the proton numbers and electron arrangements of flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine
Element Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Proton Number 9 17 ? ? Electron Arrangement ? ? 2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7

Astatine ?

2.8.18.32.18.7

a) Write down the electron arrangement of fluorine and chlorine b) State the proton number of bromine, iodine and astatine c) How do the following physical properties between bromine and astatine differ? i) Melting and boiling points ii) Density

d) Do you expect the elements listed in Table 1 to exhibit similar chemical properties? Give a reason for your answer
e) Chlorine can react with iron i) Describe briefly how to carry out this reaction in the laboratory. Draw a labelled diagram to show the set up of the apparatus used ii) Write the chemical equation for this reaction iii) Predict what you can observe in e (i)

Answer
1. a) i)2.7 ii) 2.8.7 b) i) 35 ii) 53 iii) 85 c) i)melting and boiling points of astatine are higher than that of bromine ii) Density of astatine is higher than that of bromine d) Yes. Because all the atoms of these elements have seven valence electrons

e) i) C