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1.
Sensory nerves:
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2.
carry sensations:
3.
Motor nerves:
4.
Mixed nerves:
hearing.
RECEPTORS
Receptor
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Specialized cell or multicellular structure Collects information about the environment Sends information via afferent pathways to spinal cord and brain. Cerebral cortex then processes information.
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RECEPTORS
Types
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of receptors
Chemoreceptors
Sense changes in chemical concentration. Ex: smell and taste
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Thermoreceptors
RECEPTORS
Types
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of receptors (cont)
Mechanoreceptors
Sense changes that deform the receptor Sense change in tensions of muscles and tendons. Sense changes in blood pressure in blood vessels. Sense changes in tissue length (found in lungs). Sense changes in light intensity.
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Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors
Photoreceptors
SENSORY IMPULSES
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Stimulasi reseptor menyebabkan perubahan potensial membran yang menghasilkan aksi potensial dalam serabut sensorik.
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Jadi semua reseptor pada dasarnya melakukan hal yang sama; ..mereka menerima informasi tentang lingkungan dan perubahan menjadi informasi elektrokimia sehingga dapat diproses oleh sistem saraf .
SENSATION
Ketika impuls sensorik diproses oleh otak dan menghasilkan sensasi. Otak menginterpretasikan sensasi yang berasal dari daerah impuls proyeksi.
So from the persons perspective, the sensation is occurring in one area of the body, but the processing of the actual feeling of the sensation is occurring in the brain.
SENSATION
When receptors are continually stimulated they become less responsive to the stimulussensory adaptation. Example: hot and cold
SPECIAL SENSES
This concludes the review of the somatic sensory system. We will now investigate the special senses
Smell
Feel
Taste
Hearing
Vision
Lihat Cium
Dengar
Raba Rasa
SPECIAL SENSES
Smell
Sensed
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Ceramah KBN,05
SPECIAL SENSES
Smell (pathway)
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Olfactory receptors stimulated by substance. Nerve impulse travels via fibers running through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. Fibers synapse with neurons located in olfactory bulbs (crista galli of ethmoid bone). Impulses are analyzed and travel along olfactory tracts to limbic system (smell may be linked to memory).
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SPECIAL SENSES
Taste
Taste buds located on surface of tongue (papillae) (also on roof of mouth, linings of cheeks and walls of pharynx. Chemoreceptors (taste cells) pick up dissolved substances.
SPECIAL SENSES
Taste
There are 4 primary taste sensations. So all tastes are combinations of these 4 primary tastes.
1. 2. 3. 4.
SPECIAL SENSES
Taste is carried by cranial nerves and is processed in the parietal lobe.
Sensory impulses on anterior 2/3 of tongue travel via CN VII. Posterior 1/3 of tongue = CN IX Smell Base of tongue = CN X Impulses travel to medulla oblongata thalamusparietal lobe.
SPECIAL SENSES
Hearing is processed by the ear. The ear is divided into 3 main divisions:
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Externalmiddleinner ear
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HEARING
External Ear
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Auricle (pinna) (outer portion you see) External auditory meatus (passes into temporal bone) EAM lined with skin that contains ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (wax).
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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Middle ear
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Middle ear
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Contains
ossicles)
Incus Malleus Stapes
The stapes or stirrup is connected to the inner ear at the oval window. The oval window marks the start of the inner ear.
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EUSTACHIAN
(auditory) tube
Connect
INNER EAR
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Cochlea
Functions in hearing
Equilibrium, balance Between cochlea and semicircular canals
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Vestibule
VESTIBULE
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The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule which are both important structures in sensing equilibrium. The cochlea senses hearing.
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COCHLEA
Looks like a snails shell wound around a bony core (modiolus). Upper and lower compartments
AUDITORY
PATHWAY
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Transverse temporal gyrus Acoustic radiation Medial geniculate body Lateral lemniscus
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HEARING
Sound is transmitted through the air as waves. The sound waves then enter the external auditory meatus and travel to typmpanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic membrane moves in response to the sound waves.
HEARING
In the middle ear, sound travels from tympanic membrane to malleus (connected to membrane) then to the incus and stapes. The stapes is connected to oval window. The stapes acts as piston to move fluid in inner ear.
HEARING
The ossicles also act as lever to amplify sound (from tympanic membrane to oval window). Small muscles attach to ossicles called the tensor tympani and stapedius. These muscles are important in what is called the tympanic reflex.
HEARING
The tympanic Reflex is a protective mechanism:
Muscles contract with loud sound and restrict movement of ossicles (and amplification of sound to inner ear). Also muffles lower frequency sounds during speech (for better understanding) Tensor tympani muscle maintains some tension on tympanic membrane for efficient transmission of sound.
PERILYMPH
Inside the inner ear are chambers filled with fluid. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with a fluid called perilymph. The cochlear duct is filled with a fluid of a different density called endolymph.
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The vibrations in the fluid cause the tectorial membrane to move in relation to the basilar membrane. The movement is picked up by the hair cells that relay an impulse to the nervous system via cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear nerve).
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Some impulses cross to contralateral side of cortex. So damage to one side of temporal region does not cause complete hearing loss.
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Dynamic equilibrium
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Static equilibrium is sensed in small organs located in vestibule called the utricle and saccule. Each contains an area called a macula.
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When head is upright hairs of macula in utricle project vertically and hairs in saccule project horizontally. Hairs contact calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths). Hairs bend in response to gravity changing position of otoliths. This causes impulses to be sent to central nervous system via vestibulocochlear nerve. Brain responds by sending motor impulses to skeletal muscles to correct and maintain balance.
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DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
Dynamic equilibrium is sensed by the semicircular canals. There are 3 semicircular canals because we live in 3dimensional space.
FLUID MOVES
When a person moves, fluid inside the semicircular canals moves the cupula. The movement of the cupula bends the hair cells. The hair cells then send impulses to the vestibular portion of cranial nerve 8.
Figure 1420
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function:
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Optic chiasm:
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Optic tracts:
reorganized axons leading to lateral geniculate nuclei
EYENEURO CASE
Conjunctiva
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Mucous membrane lining inner surface of eyelids and folds back to cover surface of eyeball.
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Lacrimal
apparatus
Consists of lacrimal gland and series of ducts. Tears move from lacrimal gland across eye superior and inferior canaliculilacrimal sac nasolacrimal ductnasal cavity. Tears contain lysozyme (enzyme with antibacterial properties) to inhibit infections.
VISUAL PATHWAY
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Optic radiation
Visual area
EYE MUSCLES
There are 6 different eye muscles that move the eye:
Eye
muscles
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
EYE MUSCLES
Damage to any eye muscles causes double vision. Eyes will normally track together to follow a moving object. This movement is called conjugate eye movement. If eye muscles or the cranial nerves controlling the eye muscle movements are damaged the eyes cannot track properly. This leads to double vision (diploplia).
PUPIL
The pupillary reflex occurs when light enters the eye and pupil constricts. The reflex is carried by 2 cranial nerves: Afferent pathway follows cranial nerve 2 (optic) frontal lobes Efferent pathwaycranial nerve 3 (PS) light reaction
PUPILLARY REFLEXES
Sphincter pupil Ciliary muscle
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Pretectal area
PUPILLARY REFLEX
So, if a light is shown into one eye and the pupil on the same side constricts what cranial nerves are we testing?
CN
II and III on same side (unilatareal) This is called the direct reflex.
PUPILLARY REFLEX
Or, if a light is shown into one eye and the pupil constricts on the other side, what cranial nerves are we testing? CN II on the same side of constriction and CN III on the opposite side. This is called the consensual reflex.
PUPILLARY REFLEX
How does the pupil constrict? There is a small sphincter muscle around the pupil.
PUPILS
If the sympathetic nervous system is involved in producing the fight or flight response, would the pupil constrict or dilate when the SNS is active? Dilateto let more light in (mydriasis) Opposite response for PNS stimulation.
2 TYPES OF RECEPTORS
The light coming into the eye is sensed by receptors in the retina. There are 2 types of receptors:
Rods
Cones
VISUAL RECEPTORS
Rods
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Hundreds of times more sensitive to light than cones Provide vision in poor light. Produce colorless (black and white) vision. Nerve fibers converge so impulses produce more general outlines. Concentration of rods increases in areas away from fovea centralis.
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That means that your peripheral vision is better in the dark than your direct vision.
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VISUAL RECEPTORS
Cones
Provide
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sharp images Nerve fibers do not converge as much so impulses produce more detailed images. Concentration of cones greatest in fovea centralis. Concentration of cones decreases in areas away from fovea centralis.
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VISUAL PIGMENTS
Rods contain rhodopsin (visual purple)
Light causes rhodopsin to change shape and release opsin which acts as an enzyme in further reactions. Net result is hyperpolarization directly proportional to intensity of light stimulus. Rhodopsin replenished in dim light. In dim light, a rhodopsin-replenished eye is said to be dark-adapted (can see in dark).
VISUAL PIGMENTS
Cones contain iodopsins
A group
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of pigments sensitive to light waves of different frequencies. If all are stimulated = white light If none are stimulated = black
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VISUAL FIELD
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This means that the visual field in one eye is actually processed on both sides of the brain; Monoculer field defect ant. Optic chiasm. Bitemporal field defectoptic chiasm. Homonymous field defectBehind OC Congruous homonymous fdBehind the lateral geniculate bodies.
: superfisial, raba, nyeri, suhu Propioseptif : gerak, sikap, otot dan sendi, getar, tekan dalam Viseral : lapar, enek Sensasi khusus: melihat, mendengar
Lesi di thalamus
DISTRIBUSI DERMATOM
= Daerah kulit : dipersyarafi akar posterior dan ganglionnya.
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