Section 14.

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes Objectives

1. To learn about dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces 2. To understand the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of liquids 3. To learn some of the important features of water 4. To learn about interactions among water molecules 5. To understand and use heat of fusion and heat of vaporization

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces Reviewing what we know Gases Solids

Low density Highly compressible Fill container

High density Slightly compressible Rigid (keeps its shape)

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces occur between molecules Intramolecular forces occur inside the molecules

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces

Dipole dipole attraction

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs between H and highly electronegative atom (for example N, O, F)

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen Bonding Affects physical properties Boiling point

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces Formation of instantaneous dipoles

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces Nonpolar molecules

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

A. Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces Become stronger as the sizes of atoms or molecules increase

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

B. Water and Its Phase Changes

Heating/cooling curve

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

B. Water and Its Phase Changes Normal boiling point at 1 atm = 100oC Normal freezing point at 1 atm = 0oC Density Liquid water = 1.00 g/mL Ice = 0.917 g/mL

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State Changes of state are physical changes No chemical bonds are broken

Section 14.1

Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State Molar heat of fusion energy required to melt 1 mol of a substance Molar heat of vaporization energy required to change 1 mol of a liquid to its vapor

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point Objectives

1. To understand the relationship among vaporization, condensation and vapor pressure 2. To relate the boiling point of water to its vapor pressure

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

A. Evaporation and Vapor Pressure

Vaporization or evaporation Endothermic

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

A. Evaporation and Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure

Amount of liquid first decreases then becomes constant Condensation - process by which vapor molecules convert to a liquid When no further change is visible the opposing processes balance each other - equilibrium

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

A. Evaporation and Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure Vapor pressure - pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium with its liquid Vapor pressures vary widely - relates to intermolecular forces

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Section 14.2

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids Objectives

1. To learn about the types of crystalline solids 2. To understand the interparticle forces in crystalline solids 3. To learn how the bonding in metals determines metallic properties

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
A. The Solid State: Types of Solids Crystalline solids

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
A. The Solid State: Types of Solids

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
A. The Solid State: Types of Solids

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Ionic Solids Stable substances with high melting points Held together by strong forces between ions

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Molecular Solids Fundamental particle is a molecule Melt at relatively low temperatures Held together by weak intermolecular forces

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Atomic Solids Fundamental particle is the atom Properties vary greatly Group 8 - low melting points Diamond - very high melting point

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Bonding in Metals Metals are held together by nondirectional covalent bonds (called the electron sea model) among the closely packed atoms

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Bonding in Metals Metals form alloys of two types Substitutional different atoms are substituted for the host metal atoms

Section 14.3

Properties of Solids
B. Bonding in Solids Bonding in Metals Metals form alloys of two types Interstitial small atoms are introduced into the holes in the metallic structure