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EUW 212 University English

Graphics / Visuals

Graphic elements or visuals are frequently used in technical and academic writings and presentations. Visual aids can help make the information presented clearer and easier to understand.
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Types of Graphic Elements

The three common types of visuals are: Tables Figures: Graphs/Charts Illustrations

1. 2. 3.

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Tables

Tables A table consists of data arranged in columns and rows. The two types of tables:
1. 2.

Formal table Verbal table

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1.

Formal table

Presents numerical values (numbers) as well as text in rows and columns (Example, p.38)

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Example: Formal table

1st Quarter
East West North 20 30 46

2nd Quarter
27 38 48

3rd Quarter
90 34 45

4th Quarter
20 30 42

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2.

Verbal table Presents information using words or texts

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Example: Verbal table

Eating Habits Too much fat Too much salt Disease from Poor Eating Habits Some cancers, heart disease, strokes Heart disease, high blood pressure

Too much sugar Too much cholesterol

Lack of fiber Lack of calcium PKKK, UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Diabetes, hypoglycemia Heart disease, high blood pressure

Some cancers, gallstones Osteoporosis
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Types of Graphic Elements

Graphs/Charts Types of graphs/charts: Line graph Bar chart Pie (Circle) chart

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Example: Line graph

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East West North

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Line graph
Show trend or movement of data; show a change in one function in relation to a change in another (Example, p.37)

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Example: Bar chart

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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East West North

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Bar chart
Show comparison between discrete quantities or groups (Example, p.35)

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Example: Pie Chart

4th Qtr 13% 1st Qtr 13%

2nd Qtr 17%

3rd Qtr 57%

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Pie (Circle) chart

Show how the parts relate to the whole (Each segment stands for a different category, and the data in all the segments combined totals 100%.) (Example, p.37)

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Illustration

Illustrations
Illustrations such as photographs, diagrams, drawings of objects and schematics, are often used to show how something looks or operates. Example:

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Photos
A picture is worth a thousand words.

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Example: Photo
A picture of the earth from outer space

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Example; Photo
Examples of AirBorn Electronics Work

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Example: Flow chart/Schematics

Flow chart/Schematics Show a time sequence or a decision sequence from start to finish. Example:

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Example: Flow chart/Schematics

Circuit diagram

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Summary
For lab reports, use: A table if your results have a lot of numbers. A diagram if your method or results involve an understanding of special instruments or mechanisms. A schematic if your method or results require an understanding of the circuitry of a mechanism.
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A map if you are working with an outdoor lab where places are important. A graph if you wish to compare numerical data. A photograph if the actual picture will help your reader understand your data.

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Role of visuals in document

Words are used to present the information. Visuals are only meant to help people see the discussion in the text better.

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Labelling Visuals

All visuals must have a title which clearly reflect the nature of the visuals.

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Example: Figure 6 Examples of internationally recognised graphics: (A) Airport, (B) fragile, (C) Keep dry, and (D) Hotel

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Labelling Visuals

All visuals used must be labelled for easy reference. All visuals are usually labelled either as table or figure. The two types of visuals are numbered separately. The numbering for each type of visual is consecutive and start at 1.
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Example: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2,

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Introducing Visuals
All visuals used must be introduced in the writing or presentation. Some appropriate phrases for introducing visuals: Lets look at the chart The graph you see here.. Table 4 shows that .. The photograph in Figure 3 illustrates
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Describing Trend and Movement

Information on trends and changes contained in graphs needs to be highlighted and interpreted.

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Example
74000 72000 70000 68000 66000 64000 62000 60000 2002 2003 2004 2005
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Fatal injuries

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Description
First, let us look at the years 2002 to 2004. This period saw a rise in the number of fatal and serious injuries. But the rise was not regular. In 2003 the number of such injuries actually fell, from 71,000 in the previous year to 70,000, before rising again in 2004 to 72,000. Then came a considerable drop in 2005 to as few as 65,000 cases.
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Some of the most common expressions used to describe trends are listed below: To indicate

upward movement ( ) Downward movement ( Stability Fluctuation

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Upward

To indicate upward movement ( )

A rise An increase

A climb A jump

rise increase go up climb jump

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Downward

To indicate downward movement (

A A A A -

fall decline drop decrease

fall decline drop decrease sink go down

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Stability and Fluctuation

To indicate stability

Level off Level out Remain stable Remain unchanged Fluctuate Reach a peak Reach a bottom
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To indicate fluctuation

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Thank you.

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