WELCOME

TOGETHER WE WIN

Introduction to GSM

Introduction to GSM

GSM : GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

- System for Mobile Communication based on a Pan-European standard, already adopted by number of countries, and using the 2 * 25 MHz in the 900 MHz frequency band

Introduction to GSM

Basic POTS Connection

POTS - Plain Old Telephone System

Line Switching Office Subscriber Set

Trunks

Switching Office

Line

Subscriber Set

Introduction to GSM

Basic Mobile Telephone Connection

Line Switching Office

Trunks

Mobile
Switching Center

Trunks

Base Station

Mobile Station
Introduction to GSM

Layout of a Cellular System

MSC

PSTN
To Telephone Network

BS BS

BS

BS

BS

BSC

BS

BS

BS

BS

Introduction to GSM

GSM Switching Hierarchy

Base Transceiver Station Abis Interface
BTS

MSC

radio interface

B T S

BTS

BSC

(Um) Base Station Controller

Base Station Sub-System (BSS)

Introduction to GSM

BTS

Cellular Networks Historical Record

1st Generation 2nd Generation 1946 1970 - 1980 St. Louis NATEL , Switzerland Chicago : AMPS Sweden : NMT UK : TACS USA Europe U. K. UMTS : CDMA : GMS : DCS Manual Uni Cellular Automatic1 Tx. Station Many Rx. Station Cellular Analog Networks Digital Networks Highly Secure N/W High Traffic Density New Services International Std. For All User System Resource Sharing Any Cell Size

3rd Generation

1979 1981 1985 1985 1992

4th Generation

5th Generation

2000 ?

Introduction to GSM

History of GSM
1979

World Administrative Radiocommunication Conference (WARC) 900 MHz band Reservation Groupe Special Mobile created in the CEPT (Post and Telecom European Conference) TDMA, Speech Coding, Modulation Standards A Prototype was designed (Phase 1 and 2) MoU signed between European operators (Accounting, Tariff , services and route plan ) First GSM prototype (of Phase 1) systems deployed. Acceptance of Non European signatories.

1982

1987

1991

1992 All major European GSM900 operators begin commercial operation

Phase 2 recommendations publication (upward compatibility)

1994
Introduction to GSM

Advantages of using GSM

Services

compatibility of equipment and networks in all participating countries services offered in the PSTN,ISDN and Data N/w are available

portable and hand held stations

international roaming is possible

Quality of services and security/confidentiality

Authentication, ciphering and temporary numbers allow a very good security Enhanced speech coding and using digital tx. Increases the quality of service Increased number of users and also increase in traffic capacity

Radio frequency utilization

890 - 915 MHz ( Up-Link Frequency) 935 - 960 MHz ( Down-Link Frequency) Reduction of terminal size and cost

Cost

Introduction to GSM

GSM Reference Model

AUC H OMC VLR VLR D HLR C MSC A BSS Abis BSC F Di ISDN EIR

Ai PSTN
D MSC

BTS
Um

MS
Introduction to GSM

RADIO LINK - Logical Channel Structure

Paging Control Channels

(CCH)

Access

User Information Traffic Channels (TCH) Associated Control and supervision

Introduction to GSM

GSM - Public Land Mobile Network

To other N/Ws MSC GSM PLMN

Introduction to GSM

Basic Telecommunication Service

PSTN PC

MSC

GSM PLMN
FAX

BEARER SERVICES TELE SERVICES

Introduction to GSM

Telecommunication Services

Teleservices
Bearer Services Supplementary Services

Basic Telecommunication Services

Introduction to GSM

Services
Teleservices

telephone emergency calling short message services

Data or Bearer Services (n/w dependent)

facsimile raw data

Supplementary Services
call barring call forwarding call restrictions multi- party (conference calling, 3 PTY) line identification, advice of charge community of interest services (CUG)

Introduction to GSM

Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSSISDN)

to establish the connection to the MS MSISDN = CC_NDC_SN

CC: NDC: SN: Country Code National Destination Code Subscriber Number

This section NDC_SN is called National Significant Mobile Number (NSMN).

Introduction to GSM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

to uniquely identify a GSM subscriber

IMSI = MCC_MNC_MSIN
MCC: Mobile Country Code ( 3digits)

MNC: Mobile Network Code (2 digits) MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (10 digits)
This section MNC-MSIN is called National Mobile Subscriber Identity (NMSI).
Introduction to GSM

International Mobile Station Equipment Identify (IMEI)

Uniquely identifies mobile station equipment Burnt in by the equipment manufacturer

IMEI = TAC+FAC+SNR+SP
TAC - Type Approval Code (6 digits)

FAC - Final Assembly Code (2 digits)

SNR - Serial Number (6 digits) SP - Spare (1 digit)

Introduction to GSM

Cell Global Identity

to identify a cell in a network

CGI = MCC_MNC_LAI_CI
MCC: MNC: LAI: CI: Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Location Area Identify Cell Identify

BSS

Introduction to GSM

Functionality of Mobile Station

Provides a telecommunication interface to its subscribers Provides RF transmission and reception Transmit and receive user information and control data Perform voice-processing functions Performs initialization and self test functions

Introduction to GSM

Functionality
BSS (Overall Functionality) Call Setup Call Handling Call Release Call Setup Radio and link Establishment Authentication and Ciphering Normal Assignment (Call connecting) Call Handling In-call modification Handover procedures Overload procedures
Introduction to GSM

Functions of Mobile Services Switching Center

Call handling that copes with mobile nature of subscribers (paging) Management of required logical channel during calls Management of MSC-BSS signaling protocol Handling location register and ensure internetworking b/w MS and VLR Control of inter-BSS handovers Acting as the gateway MSC to interrogate the HLR for routing incoming calls to the MS Exchange of signaling information with other system entities Other normal functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed network
Introduction to GSM

Home Location Register (HLR)

OMC

AUC

MSC

HLR

VLR

Introduction to GSM

Home Location Register (HLR)

Home Location Register (HLR)

It is a reference database which contains IMSI (Subscribers identities) Service parameters Location information (MSRN) is stored as directory number, used by MSC to route calls.

Introduction to GSM

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Other

OMC

VLRs

MSC

VLR

HLR

Introduction to GSM

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

It is also a reference database which contains
IMSI (Subscribers identities) Service parameters MSRN to route calls Location area code where mobile is registered

It also allocates a TMSI (for secret identification)

Introduction to GSM

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

OMC

MSC

EIR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Stores the IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity)

Valid List - valid mobiles Suspect List - mobiles under observation Fraudulent List - debarred mobiles

Introduction to GSM

Authentication Center (AUC)

OMC

AUC

HLR

Authentication Center (AUC) Subscriber authentication data called Authentication Keys (Ki) Generate security related parameters to authorize service using Ki Generate unique data pattern called a CipherKey (Kc) needed for encrypting user speech

Introduction to GSM

Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)

ADC

NMC

AUC

OMC MSC VLR BSS

EIR

HLR

Monitors and controls the PLMN

Introduction to GSM

Functions

Manages the BSS software version (BSCS)

Acts as central repository for configuration

Manages fault and performance measurement report

Handles supervision of alarms and events

Introduction to GSM

The Key Role of the GMSC

HLR

directory number routing number

GMSC directory number routing number MSC VLR

Introduction to GSM

Routing of an MT call within one country

A call from a fixed user in the same country is simply routed to the home PLMN through, e.g., the PSTN The calling party is the only one charged. The amount of compensation paid by the PSTN to the PLMN of the called party is a matter of agreement between the operators.

PSTN

GSM Home PLMN

Introduction to GSM

MT call toward a roaming subscriber

The interrogation point automatically re-routes the call. The call party pays the same charge as in the previous case. The additional charge to cover the international leg is levied on the called party.

PSTN Visited PLMN

GSM Home PLMN

Transit Networks

Introduction to GSM

MT call involving three countries

GSM Home PLMN

One or several international legs may exist, depending on the location of the interrogation point.

PSTN

Visited PLMN

Transit Networks

The GMSC holds relevant information on routing cost of the second segment of the call (GMSC to VMSC)

possible positions of the interrogation point

Introduction to GSM

Charging principles of MTCs

HLR

Home PLMN

c
d MSC VLR
GSM

The Originator of the call is charged as if the called GSM subscriber was in his home PLMN.

GMSC b c (international leg of the call)

Visited PLMN

Local exchange

The international leg, if any, is paid by the called GSM subscriber.

MSC VLR d

GSM

The GSM subscriber is not charged for incoming calls when located in his home PLMN.

pays for :
a b c d
Introduction to GSM

pays for : c (to the Home PLMN)

The tromboning effect

Country A

Country B

Home PLMN trombone GMSC

GSM

A tromboning may appear in the routing of the call when the HPLMN of the mobile subscriber is in another country, leading to two international legs instead of a national or even local call.

HLR

MSC VLR Visited PLMN

Introduction to GSM

External Carrier Billing

GMSC

External Carrier (Home-PSTN)

BSS Invoice to PSTN S1HPLMN

HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

External Carrier Reconciliation

GMSC
External Carrier (Home-PSTN)

BSS HPLMN S1 Invoice to PSTN

Introduction to GSM

VPLMN- Roamer Call Billing

HPLMN

MTC
MTC

TAP-File

S1VPLMN

GMSC HPLMN

S2

VPLMN

MP MOC GMSC MOC

TA-MTC TA-MOC

MOC-TAP-record with charge MTC-TAP-record without charge

Introduction to GSM

HPLMN- Roamer Call Processing

Rate Plan of
Invoice HPLMN Subs.

MTC

S1 HPLMN
Invoice

TA-MTC
TAP-File MP TA-MOC
VPLMN Surcharge SDR Exchange Rate

VPLMN
MOC S2 HPLMN

S2

Introduction to GSM

Roaming-Leg

S1-HLR S1-HLR

Roaming-Leg

GMSC

GMSC

VPLMN VPLMN
HPLMN
HPLMN
HPLMN HPLMN

GMSC

HPLMN

B will be rated by his HPLMN and pays for the Roaming-Leg according the reverse call scenario
The Calling Party A will be rated by his HPLMN and pays the A-Part, according to MOC+RCF

Introduction to GSM

CDR Generation

the MSC in charge of the calling party (served party) generates an MOC record
the MSC in charge of the called party generates an MTC the first MSC in the HPLMN that handles a call to an HPLMN subscriber generates an RCF record each MSC that routes a call generates a LTL record if no MOC, MTC, or RCF records is being created (rules 1-3) MOC and MTC records generated for a VPLMN subscriber will be converted and sent as TA-MOCs and TA-MTCs

Introduction to GSM

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[EC]

MOC

b GMSC
LTL

a A

PSTN
B

a
Types of Call Records Generated for

MOC

MSC HPLMN

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

MOC MOC,LTL -

Introduction to GSM

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[EC]

MOC

b GMSC
LTL

a A

PSTN
B

a
Types of Call Records Generated for

MOC

MSC HPLMN

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

MOC MOC,LTL -

Introduction to GSM

A[H,V]

B[H,H]

PSTN
MTC RCF

GMSC
B HPLMN

TA-MOCC

GMSC
MOC

Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : TA-MOC MTC RCF

A VPLMN
Introduction to GSM

B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[EC]

MOC

b GMSC
LTL

a A

PSTN
B

a
Types of Call Records Generated for

MOC

MSC HPLMN

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

MOC MOC,LTL -

Introduction to GSM

A[H,V]

B[H,H]

PSTN
MTC RCF

GMSC
B HPLMN

TA-MOCC

GMSC
MOC

Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : TA-MOC MTC RCF

A VPLMN
Introduction to GSM

B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

A[H,V]

B[H,V]

MOC

TA-MOCC

HPLMN

GMSC

A
VPLMN GMSC PSTN

RCF

MTC

Types of Call Records Generated for

GMSC B VPLMN
Introduction to GSM

TA-MTCC

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber :

TA-MOC TA-MTC

EC Reconciliation :
EC Billing :

RCF
RCF

A[H,H]

B[V,H]

PSTN GMSC
TA-MTCC

VPLMN MSC2
LTL

MSC1
MOC

GMSC
LTL

MTC
Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : MOC TA-MTC LTL LTL

A HPLMN

Introduction to GSM

EC Billing :

A[H,H]

B[EC]

MOC

b GMSC
LTL

a A

PSTN
B

a
Types of Call Records Generated for

MOC

MSC HPLMN

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

MOC MOC,LTL -

Introduction to GSM

A[H,V]

B[H,H]

PSTN
MTC RCF

GMSC
B HPLMN

TA-MOCC

GMSC
MOC

Types of Call Records Generated for A-Subscriber : TA-MOC MTC RCF

A VPLMN
Introduction to GSM

B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing :

A[H,V]

B[H,V]

MOC

TA-MOCC

HPLMN

GMSC

A
VPLMN GMSC PSTN

RCF

MTC

Types of Call Records Generated for

GMSC B VPLMN
Introduction to GSM

TA-MTCC

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber :

TA-MOC TA-MTC

EC Reconciliation :
EC Billing :

RCF
RCF

A[H,V]

B[H,V]

MTC

PSTN

GMSC
B HPLMN
TA-MOCC MOC

GMSC A VPLMN
TA-MTCC

Types of Call Records Generated for

A-Subscriber : B-Subscriber : EC Reconciliation : EC Billing : TA-MOC TA-MTC MTC, LTL

Introduction to GSM

Thank You

Introduction to GSM