Applications of Embedded systems

AVNI NAYAK SURYA TEJA PARIDA

SEMESTER,ENTC INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH(ITER)
8th

WORLD IS FLOODED WITH EMBEDDED SYSTEMS(ES).

So what basically is EMBEDDED SYSTEM??? In layman's language, its like something which doesnt look like computer but has got a microprocessor. Actually ES=hardware+software+other mechanical parts to perform additional work.

Examples of ES

Modem, Floppy drive, soundcard Satellites, Washing machine, robots , cordless phone, automobiles. Unmanned space probes, computerized traffic lights, aircraft flight control systems Kitchen (bread-machine, food processor, oven) Workplace (Fax machine, pagers, laser printers credit card readers)

Note: If ES is well designed existence of processor and software could be completely unnoticed by user

Embedded Systems

The embedded system is completely enclosed in the main system.

It does not interact directly with the environment.

Attributes of an ES

Computational power Memory

Real-time
Communication Dynamic decisions

Challenges for an ES

Limited OS support for programming Limited secondary memory Limited RAM Limited processing time Interaction with hardware Absence of standard I/O devices

Fundamental components of ES

Computational/Processing Power

Memory

Real time

Real Time Systems

Real time systems have to guarantee that they will respond to an external event within a specified amount of time. Real Time systems dont have to be real fast. They do have to be reliably on time.

Type of Real Time Systems

Based on the type of timing guarantee they provide, real time systems are classified as soft real time or hard real time.

Soft Real Time Systems

Soft real time systems provide a time guarantee, but missing an event is not catastrophic. For example, image decoding used during satellite TV reception must be completed within a frame time. If this guarantee is missed, there will be a visible glitch. Annoying but not catastrophic!

Hard Real Time Systems

Hard real time systems are used when missing a timing deadline will lead to catastrophic results. For example, a missile guidance system should not miss any events!

So why use soft real time systems at all?

Both soft and hard real time systems provide a real time guarantee. But if we can afford to miss a few events, this guaranteed response time can be much shorter.

Soft real time systems would be used in noncritical applications which need to be very fast.

Hard and Soft Real Time Systems

The time guarantee provided by soft real time systems is statistical in nature whereas that provided by hard real time systems is absolute. Design of soft real time systems optimizes average case response whereas hard real time systems must be designed for worst case situations.

What is an Embedded System?

Embedded systems are more limited in hardware and/or software functionality than a personal computer. An embedded system is designed to perform a dedicated function. An embedded system is a computer system with higher quality and reliability requirements than other types of computer systems.

Embedded System?
Computational but not first-and-foremost a computer Integral with physical processes sensors Reactive at the speed of the environment Heterogeneous hardware/software, mixed architectures Networked shared, adaptive

Embedded Systems: Common Situation

Different hardware devices and architectures Increased complexity Non-standard tools and design processes Redundant development efforts Increased R&D and sustaining costs Lack of standardization results in greater quality risks Customer confusion

HISTORY of ES

1st micro processor was made in 1971 by INTEL productions. In 1969, 4004 was designed by Intel for use in a line of business calculators produced by Japanese company BUSICOM. Here instead of designing a custom hardware for each calculator a general-purpose circuit was used throughout the line of calculators. The processor was designed to read and execute a set of instructions software) stored in an external memory chip. Real idea of Intel --- The software would give each calculator its unique feature.

Embedded systems are on the cutting edge of consumer electronics, poised to revolutionize various technologies by making them "smarter."

Embedded System Applications describes the latest techniques for embedded system design in a variety of applications

Music systems Card Reader Washing machine Digital watch Washing machine

Music system

Includes advanced complex ES Uses 8-bit micro processor for handling user inputs and display Decoders for decoding inputs stream for various supported media RAM varies from 64KB to a few MB displaying on how complex the systems For real time feature media should be read ,decoded and the stream must be sent to the speaker/video output at a predefined rate

Card Reader

This mechanism is used in security systems of some buildings. System requirements : 1)A Reader with sensors to give input to microprocessor which has an access control list 2) Magnetic card of user 3)Software in a ROM

Design of ES

Difficulties in designing ES

What the ES stores in the proximity of future

Languages used for programming ES

Wireless Embedded System Networks

Embedded System: A Connected Effort

Control environmental parameters: Temp, Humidity etc. Minimize power consumption Cheap and small Limited operation range of network: Maximum 50 to 100 m Low data rate per node: 1 10 bits/node (average) Low mobility (at least 90% of nodes stationary)

Key Challenges