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Water and Energy

(The water-energy nexus)
ENGR 10

http://www.aguntherphotography.com/usa_west/grand_canyon/photos/photo_2.html

Developed by Juneseok Lee & Thalia Anagnos

Water is essential to all of us!

Human health and socioeconomic welfare depends on supplying adequate quantity and quality of water. Conversely, too much water results in socioeconomic damages and loss of life due to flooding.

Oil and Water: How Similar?

Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009

< 1% usable

Oil and Water: How Similar?

Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009

Our water gets to us through rivers, pipes, pumps and water treatment plants

From: http://www.actewagl.com.au/education/_lib/Flash/Water_cycle/water.swf

Water has no substitute!

Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009

Current Issues and Challenges

Rapidly growing population and scarce resources Uncertain impacts of global climate change Increased hydrologic, environmental, and economic constraints on developing additional water supplies

http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/

http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/

http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/

Demand increases with population even with our efforts at conservation

U.S. public supply withdrawals (source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html)

Current Issues and Challenges

Rapidly growing population and scarce resources Uncertain impacts of global climate change Increased hydrologic, environmental, and economic constraints on developing additional water supplies

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

use of renewable water sustainable groundwater use susceptibility to drought growth in water demand future increased need for water storage
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/

Climate change affects the watershed

(e.g. Sierra Nevada watershed) Future projections indicate a strong likelihood of a warmer future climate in Sierra Nevada.
More winter precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow Shorter seasons of snow accumulation at a given elevation; Less snowpack accumulation as compared to the present

Percentage Remaining, Relative to 1961-1990

Currently the Sierra Nevada provides over 65% of California's water supply

Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 2004

Current Issues and Challenges

Rapidly growing population and scarce resources Uncertain impacts of global climate change; Increased hydrologic, environmental, and economic constraints on developing additional water supplies

By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people will live in 48 countries facing water stress or water scarcity

The situation will continue to worsen

Urbanization Impact on Water Resources

Transformation of undeveloped land into urban land (including transportation corridors) Increased energy release (i.e. greenhouse gases, waste heat, heated surface runoff)
Increased demand on water supply (municipal and industrial)

Water Resources Sustainability

The ability to use water in sufficient quantities and quality from the local to the global scale to meet the needs of humans and ecosystems for the present and the future to sustain life, and to protect humans from the damages brought about by natural and human-caused disasters that affect sustaining life.
(Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, 2009)

A Measure of Water Sustainability

Water footprint Water required to sustain a population
Virtual Water Volume of water required to produce a commodity or service

Our Water Footprint

Sufficient Water stress Scarcity Extreme scarcity

> 1700 m3 per year 1000 - 1700 m3 500 - 1000 m3 < 500 m3

Annual per capita water needs for food to cover 2500 kcal a day
20% meat: theoretical 680 m3 actual 1200 - 1500 m3

Vegetarian: theoretical 250 m3 actual 500 - 1000 m3

From Zehnder et al. 2003

Contribution of different crops global water footprint

(Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

VWC = 1334m3/ton VWC = 2291m3/ton

Question: Why are we growing rice in California?

Average National Water Footprint Per Capita (m3/capita/yr)

Green = smaller than global average Red = above global average

High Water Footprint

United States
Large meat consumption High consumption of industrial products

Iran
Low crop production yields High evapotranspiration

From imported goods

Water footprint of the US, 1997-2001 (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

Global Transport of Virtual Water The U.S. is a net exporter

From Yang et al. 2006

Global Transport of Virtual Water

A. Y. Hoekstra A. K. Chapagain, 2007

Californias Water-Energy Nexus

70% of Precipitation in North 75% Demand in the South Water Demand: 43 maf
9 maf Urban 34 maf Agricultural

Water-related Energy Use:

19% of Electricity 33% of Natural Gas 88 billion gal diesel annually

Population by 2030:
48 million

2030 Water Demand:

43-50 maf
Krebs, Oct 2007

maf = million acre-feet

Supply and Conveyance Energy Demands

Edmonston pumping plant

Power plant at Pyramid Lake captures 25% of energy used at Edmonston

Supplying water is energy intensive

Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010

Supplying energy is water intensive

Mining fuels Refining fuels Farming (for biofuels) Transporting fuels Cooling in power plants Producing wind & solar devices
Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010

Water consumption varies with different fuels and cooling technologies

Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010

Role of Hydropower
Hydroelectric power production is the most obvious use of water for the production of energy. The energy in falling water is used directly to turn turbines that generate electricity.

Components of Hydroelectric Plants Dam has two major functions of i) creating the head (pressure) necessary to move the turbines and ii) impounding the storage used to maintain the necessary flow release pattern.

Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor; motors and generators have many similarities.

The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy (all info from Wikipedia).

Energy relations in a typical hydroelectric plant

Two types of turbines

(1) Impulse turbines (or Pelton Wheel), a free jet of water impinges on a revolving element of the machine that is exposed to the atmosphere (2) Reaction turbines, the flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber

Impulse Turbine installation

Water- Energy Laboratory Activities

Pipes in parallel produce good results (higher power)

Phase II of the experiment (student designed activities)

Students will set up the experiment with given conditions. Objective Max { Power Output} Constraints water volume (drought issues)

Students can collaborate among teams to use turbines in series & pipes in parallel