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Arthropod-Borne Viruses
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Part 2
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Arthropod-borne Viruses
Arboviruses belong to three families 1. Togaviruses e.g. EEE, WEE, and VEE 2. Bunyaviruses e.g. Sandfly Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
DENGUE FEVER
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Arboviruses
The Arbovirus are also called as Arthropod borne viruses, represent an ecological grounding of viruses with complex transmission cycles involving Arthropods These viruses have diverse physical and chemical properties and are classified in several virus families. Dengue infection is caused by Arbovirus
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History - Dengue
This disease was first described 1780, and the virus was isolated by Sabin 1944. Dengue virus infection is the most common arthropod-borne disease worldwide with an increasing incidence in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America.
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Dengue
Dengue is the biggest Arbovirus problem in the world today with over 2 million cases per year. Dengue is found in SE Asia, Africa and the Caribbean and S America.
Flavivirus, 4 serotypes, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes which reside in water-filled containers. Human infections arise from a human-mosquitoehuman cycle
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Current Trends
In the 1980s, DHF began a second expansion into Asia when Sri Lanka, India, and the Maldives Islands had their first major DHF epidemics; Pakistan first reported an epidemic of dengue fever in 1994..
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Distribution of Dengue
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How Mosquitos spread the infection The disease starts during the rainy season, when vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti is abundant The Aedes breeds in the tropical or semitropical climates in water holding receptacles or in plants close to human dwellings
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Pathogenesis
Presence of existing Dengue antibody, associated with fresh viral infection with new serotype complexes and forms within few days of the second dengue infection. Non neutralizing enhancing antibodies promote infection of higher number of Mononuclear cells.
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Immunology Dengue
Four serotypes exist distinguished by Molecular basis and Nt tests Infection confers life long immunity But cross protection between serotypes is of short duration. Reinfection with different serotype after primary attack is more dangerous causes Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
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Clinical Manifestations
Any or few of the following events can occur. Fever, Severe head ache Muscle and joint pains Nausea, vomiting, Eye pain
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Incubation period 4 7 days ( 3 14 days) Fever may start with, Malise,chills,head ache Soon leads to severe back ache, joint pains, muscular pain, pain in the eye ball. Temperature may persist for 3 -5 days. Myalgia may be severe with deep bone pain ( Break bone fever ) characteristic of the Disease
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Diagnosis
In resource rich establishments
1 Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods help rapid identification 2 Isolation of virus is difficult 3 The current favored approach is inoculation of mosquito cell line with patient serum coupled with nucleic acid assay to identify a recovered virus.
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Dengue Serology
The serology is limited with cross reactivity of IgG antibodies to heterologous Flavivirus antigens Most commonly used methods are Viral protein specific capture IgM or IgG by ELISA IgM antibodies develop within few days of illness
Neutralizing anti Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies appear within a week after onset of Dengue fever Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Analysis of paired acute and convalescent sera to show significant rise in antibody titer is the most reliable evidence of an active dengue infection.
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Treatment
No Anti viral therapy available Symptomatic management in Majority of cases Dengue Hemorrhagic fever to be treated with suitable fluid replacement No Vaccine available, difficult in view of four serotypes.
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Control of Dengue
Control of Mosquito breeding places. Anti mosquito measures Use of Insecticides. Screened windows and doors can reduce exposure to vectors.
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Epidemiology - Dengue
Dengue virus are distributed world wide in tropical regions. Where the Aedes vectors exist, are endemic areas Changing and increasing incidences are associated with rapid urban population growth, over crowding and lax mosquito control measures
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Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviridae Differ by geographic occurrence and vector/reservoir Share certain clinical and pathogenic features
Potential for aerosol dissemination, with human infection via respiratory route (except dengue) Target organ: vascular bed Mortality 0.5 - 90%, depending on agent
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Arena viruses
Bunyaviruses
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Category C agents
Hantaviruses Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses Yellow fever
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Rift Valley fever has potential to infect domestic animals following a biological attack
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VHF Surveillance:
Clinical Identification of Suspected Cases
Clinical criteria:
Temperature 101 F(38.3 C) for <3 weeks Severe illness and no predisposing factors for hemorrhagic manifestations 2 or more of the following:
Hemorrhagic or purple rash Epistaxis Hematemesis Hemoptysis Blood in stools Other hemorrhagic symptoms No established alternative diagnosis
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Pathogenesis.
Enters through the bite of Insect vector, Multiply in RES. Target the organ CNS Encephalitis, Liver Yellow fever, Capillary endothelium in Hemorrhagic fevers.
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Hanta Viruses,
Human disease Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome. Spread by inhalation of Aerosols of Rodent Excreta, Renal Involvement and failure Lead to Hemorrhagic shock, Korea Spread by Rats carried in ships,
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Laboratory Diagnosis Detection of viral nucleic acid, Grown in culture lines, PCR,
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Filoviruses. Marburg
Marburg 1967 African Green Monkey, Bat Rodent Host Human. East Africa Monkey Humans.
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Filoviruses - Ebola
Incubation 2-21 days Carries 80% mortality. Barrier Nursing Most essential. ELISA test Culturing Hazardous. RT-PCR Transporting and carrying Primates is Hazardous
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Sudan
1976, 1979, 2004
Gabon
1994, 1996, 1996 Congo 2003
2000
Uganda
2,000 kilometers
4,000
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CCHF: Pathogenesis
Viremia present throughout disease
IFA becomes positive in patients destined to survive days 4-6, often simultaneously with Viremia
Recovery may be due to CMI or neutralizing antibodies
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PREVENTION OF CCHF
DEET repellents for skin Permethrin repellents for clothing
(0.5% permethrin should be applied to clothing ONLY)
Check for and remove ticks at least twice daily. If a tick attaches, do not injure or rupture the tick.
Remove ticks by grasping mouthparts at the skin surface using forceps and apply steady traction.
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Careful hydration
Pressors, cardiotonic drugs Support of coagulation system
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Ribavirin
Guanosine nucleoside analog:
blocks viral replication by inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase
Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical Students in the Developing World Email doctortvrao@gmail.com
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