More Polynomial Solution Methods (section 2.

3)

Synthetic Division Remainder Theorem Factor Theorem Rational Zeros Test Descartess Rule of Signs Upper and Lower Bounds Rules

Division by a Monomial
5 4 3 2

(pg 112)

15 x 21x 6 x 2 x 3x 6 Divide: 2 3x
Divide each term separately:

15 x5 21x 4 6 x3 2 x 2 3x 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 3x 3x 3x 3x 3x 3x

2 1 2 5x 7 x 2 x 2 3 x x
3 2
2

Division by a Binomial-Long Division

Divide:

3x

2 x 4 x 7 x 5 3x 1
3 2

3x 1 3x 2 x 4 x 7 x 5
4 3 2

Division by a Binomial-Long Division

x3 x 2 x 2
4 22 3x 1 3x 4 2 2x x33 4 4 77 xx xx 55

3x 4 - x3

3x x
3

3x 4 x
3

Answer
x3 x 2 x 2 3 3x 1

3x 2 7 x 3 x 2 x
6x 5
6x 2
Remainder

See pg 114 for longer examples

Synthetic Division

(pg 115)

Synthetic division: a method of dividing a polynomial by a binomial (x c). c is a root of the polynomial, if the remainder R is zero.
x 3 2 x3 3x 2 x 2

rewrite
Leading coefficients

2 -3 -1 2

Synthetic Division Steps

3 2 -3 -1 2

Synthetic Division Steps

3 2 -3 -1 2 6 9 24 2 3 8 26
1. Bring down the 2 2. Multiply 2*3= 6 3. Add 3 and 6= 3

4. Multiply 3*3 =9
5. Add 1 and 9 =8 6. Multiply 8*3=24 7. Add 24 and 2 = 26 = R

Answer

2 x 2 3x 8

26 x 3
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Your Turn
x 3 x 4 10 x 2 2 x 4

-3

1
1

0 -10 -2 4 9 3 -3 -3
-3 -1 1 1

Answer:

1 x 3x x 1 x3
3 2

Zeros in set-up?

Place holders

Your Turn #2
x 2 x 4 x3 11x 2 5 x 30

1
1

1 -11 -5 30 6 -10 -30 2

3 -5 -15 0

Answer: 3

x 3 x 5 x 15
2

No remainder?

(x 2) is a factor x = 2 is a root

The Remainder Theorem (pg 116)

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x c), a constant, then the remainder R is f(c).

where c is

Dividend = Quotient * Divisor + Remainder Proof (see Appendix C) So, we can use Synthetic Division to: evaluate a function and find points on its graph
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Remainder Theorem Example

Determine the remainder of the polynomial for c=3.

Using the earlier example:
2 x 2 3x 8 26 x 3

x 3 2 x3 3x 2 x 2

p(3) = 2(3)3-3(3)2-3+2=54-27-3+2=26

p(3) = 26
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The Remainder Theorem

What is the remainder when f (x)=5x 3 3x 2 + x is divided by x 2 ?

f (2) = 5(2) 3 3(2) 2 + 2
= 40 12 + 2=30 So the remainder is 30
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Rational Roots

(pg 118)

There is no single method to find all roots of a polynomial. But there is a method to find ALL rational roots of any polynomial. Rational Root Test

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Rational Roots

If f (x)=anxn+an-1xn-1+.+a2x2+a1x+a0 has integer coefficients, every rational zero of f has the form:

Rational zero = p/q

where: p and q have no common factors other than 1. P is a factor of a0 and q is afactor of an.
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Rational Roots
f(x) = x4 -11x2 - 2x + 12 p =12 q = 1
Possible rational zeros = factors of constant term p factors of leading coefficient q

Factors of 12 are +1, + 2, + 3, + 4, + 6, + 12 Factors of 1= +1

1 2 3 4 6 12 Possible rational zeros = , , , , , 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Rational Roots

Possible zeros are +1, + 2, + 3, + 4, + 6, + 12 We use synthetic division to determine which are zeros. And we know from Descartes Rule that there are two positive and 2 negative roots.
To narrow down the math, if you graph it on the TI-83 first, you will find that the graph crosses the x axis in four places between 4 and 4.

Using the trace key provides rational zeros at 3 and 1.

Using the Factor Theorem if 3 and 1 are zeros, then f (-3) = 0 and f (1) = 0.
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Example #1

f(-3)=(-3)4-11(-3)2-2(-3)+12 = 81 99 +6 +12=0 f(1)=(1)4-11(1)2-2(1)+12 = 1- 11 2 + 12=0 So 3 and 1 are rational zeros. From synthetic division:

f(x) = (x + 3)(x - 1)(x2 - 2x - 4) The other two zeros are irrational numbers.
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Example #2
Find all the roots of We know that since the index is 3 there will be a max of three roots. The Rational Root theorem yields p =3 q = 2

f(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 6x 3

1 3 1 3 Possible rational roots = , , , 1 1 2 2

Descartes Rule shows 1 positive and 2 negative roots. We can use the upper and lower bounds rule to eliminate some possibilities but It is generally faster to use the TI-83 and graph it.

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Example #2 continued

Graphing on the TI 83 and using the trace key yields - as a rational root. Knowing if x= - is a root then 2x+1 a factor. (2x+1 = 0 then x= -) Use long division and divide by 2x+1 you get on the next slide

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Example #2 continued
x2 0 3 2 x 1 2 x3 x 2 6 x 3
2x 3 +x 2 0 - 6x 0+0 -6x - 3 -6x - 3

x2 3 is a factor: x2 3 = 0 therefore
Continued on the next slide

x 3
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Example #2 continued

Therefore all the roots, rational and irrational in this case are

1 x , 3, 3 2

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Descartes Rule of Sign

(pg 120)

Let P(x) be a polynomial over the reals. The number of positive roots of P(x)

Equals the number of variations in the sign of P(x) Or is fewer by an even number. Equals number of variations in the sign of P(-x) Or is fewer is by an even number.

The number of negative roots of P(x)

This is a useful technique for finding the zeros of a polynomial.

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Descartes Rule of Signs

f(x)= +3x5+9x4+5x3-x2+2x-1

Look at the signs and note where the sign change from positive to negative or vice versa. Count the sign changes

f(x)= +3x5+9x4+5x3-x2+2x-1
1 2 3

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Descartes Rule of Signs

There are three changes.

This is the maximum number of positive zeros. We might have only 1 (why not 2?).

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Descartes Rule of Signs

We determine the negative roots by replacing x in the original equation and counting the sign changes. f(-x)= +3(-x)5+9(-x)4+5(-x)3-(-x)2+2(-x)-1 f(-x)= -3x5+9x4-5x3-x2-2x-1
1 2

Which means there are 2 or 0 negative zeros. Notice that the total number of positive and negative zeros equals the degree of the polynomial.
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Example

Find the number of roots

f(x)= +2x5 - 3x4+ 4x3+ 5x2- 6x+7
1

Four changes, So 4, 2, or 0 positive roots.

Check for negative roots f(-x)= +2(-x)5-3(-x)4+4(-x)3+5(-x)2-6(-x)+7 =-2x5-3x4-4x3+5x2+6x+7

1

One sign change. So 1 or 0 negative roots. The maximum positive and negative roots equals 5.
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Bounds for Real Roots

(pg 121)

In solving higher order mathematical equations or complex engineering problems it is sometimes useful to determine the bounds (upper and lower) for which the roots (solutions) for a given function are between.

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Bounds

The upper and lower bounds are integer values of x between which the roots (solution) of a given function lie. For instance, if the upper and lower bound are x =3 and 2 respectively, then the roots or solutions to the function are between x=-3 and 2.
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Bounds for Real Roots

Upper Bound

Let f(x) be a polynomial over R ( meaning all real numbers) with a positive leading coefficient. If f(x) is divided by x-c using synthetic division, if c>0 and the numbers in the last row are positive or zero, c is an upper bound. If c < 0 and the numbers in the last row are alternatively positive and negative, c is a lower bound. (This is different from your book and a lot easier to remember)
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Lower Bound

How to Locate the Bounds

To find the bounds, use synthetic division and start with any number generally 1 for upper and 1 for lower. Then continue with 2, 3, etc. until the upper is found. And 2, -3, etc. until the lower bound is found.
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Example #1

Find the upper and lower bounds f(x)= 6x3 - 4x2+3x 2 Use synthetic division 1 6 -4 3 -2 6 2 5 6 2 5 3

All positive

So 1 is an upper bound
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Example #1

-1

Lower bound f(x)= 6x3 - 4x2+3x 2

6 -4 3 -2 -6 10 -13 6 -10 13 -15

Alternating + an -

So 1 is the lower bound

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Example #2
Find the upper and lower bounds of f (x)=10x3-15x2-16x-12 Use synthetic division

1 10 -15 -16 12 10 -5 -21 10 -5 -21 -9 3 10 -15 -16 12 30 45 87 10 15 29 99

2 10 -15 -16 12 20 10 -12 10 5 -6 0

The 0 tells us that 2 is a zero but not an upper bound

All positive so 3 is the upper bound

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Example #2

We found x-2 as the upper bound. For the lower bound start with 1.
-2 10 -15 -16 12 -20 70 -108 10 -35 54 -96

-1 10 -15 -16 12 -10 25 -9 10 -25 9 3

Alternating signs so 2 is a lower bound.

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Review

Find Roots

Synthetic Division Remainder Theorem Factoring Rational Roots Test Descartess Rule of Signs Upper/Lower Bounds (Synth Div)
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Narrow your search for roots