BY K.THIYAGARAJAN R.ARUL PRAKASH K.VAMSI INTERNAL GUIDE Mr.

YOGESH KUMAR SINHA

 The main problem for near ground surveillance

vehicle is the gust wind and maneuverability

Vertical take off and landing with the hovering ability

will give an added advantage for the remote pilot in hostile zone
Personal air vehicles - parking problems

These problems can be solved by a flapped wing aircraft namely ORNITHOPTER which was first proposed by LEONORDO DA VINCI.

FIRST ORNITHOPTER The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France in 1870s.That model flew a distance of 70m. The wings were flapped by gun powder charges activating bourdon tube.

A machine shaped like an aircraft that is held aloft and propelled by wing movements.
Aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reaction of the air on planes to which a flapping motion is imparted.

After a long study in literature survey we have found that the material which is suitable for our ornithopter is carbon fiber tubes and rods. We made fuselage, wing, tail plane, rudder, elevator with carbon fiber frame. We covered the wing with a covering material which is called as Mylar. Also we choose Kevlar for joining every joints.

 It is like a conventional fuselage design. The fuselage can mount gear box, Motor, Receiver,

Electronic speed controller, 2 servos controlling the elevator and rudder.

The tail surface is directly attached to the fuselage. Length of the fuselage = 34cm Width of the fuselage = 6.5cm

 The gearbox consists of totally four gears.

The motor which drives the gearbox is a DC brushless

motor which has a reduction ratio of 1:25.

Here we are using DC brushless motor because it is

more efficient and there is no friction in the motor.

Gear 1 Gear 2 Gear 3 Gear 4

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42 teeth 11 and 34 teeth 11 and 34 teeth 16 teeth (connected in motor)

This is the calculation that how gear ratio gets converted into flaps. 42/11 = 3.8 (1st division ratio) 34/11 = 3.1 (2nd division ratio) 34/16 = 2.125 (3rd division ratio) Total ratio = 3.8*3.1*2.125 = 25.0325. Motor speed = 1400 rpm per volt

Since we are using battery of 7.4 volts,

Motor speed becomes = 7.4*1400 = 10,360 rpm Now with 25.0325 total ratio we have

Motor speed = 10360/25.0325 = 413.86 rpm = 413.86/60 rate per second = 6.829 = 7 flaps per second Therefore the flapping frequency is 7 flaps per second.

 Theory of flapping wing is that part of the wing should

be fixed and rest of the wing should be flexible.

The fixed part of the wing creates LIFT.
The flexible part of the wing creates THRUST. So only the wing is made by carbon fiber frame

covered with Mylar sheet.

LEADING EDGE The leading edge of the wing denotes the fixed part of the wing which will normally generates lift on flapping. TRAILING EDGE The trailing edge of the wing works as a flexible part. The flexible part will change the pitch when the wing is flapping. This will create thrust. The wing is fixed in the hinge to go like a bird flapping.

The gearbox output is connected in the wing through the crank mechanism to create the flapping or (up and down ) motion.

Tail plane works like a conventional tail plane to control pitching and yawing. To change the angle of attack, we used elevator to go up and down.

BATTERY USED he battery used is a 7.4 volt, 800 mah, 2-cell LithiumPolymer battery with a discharging rate of 10c.

We used model aircraft radio control which has one receiver and two servos.
The servos are used to control the rudder and the elevator. Then the motor we are using is controlled by Electronic speed controller which is specified for DC brushless motor.

ORNITHOPTER DESIGHNERS