TA 101 - Engineering Graphics

LECTURE 3

Dr. N.N. Kishore Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

Orthographic Projections
An orthographic projection is a 2D representation of a 3D object. e.g. Real world object (3D) to drawing sheet (2D).

Shape is shown by a projection i.e. the process of causing an image to be formed by the rays of sight in a particular direction.

The Six Principal Views

The 6 principal views can be created by looking at the object from different directions .

LEFT SIDE

TOP

REAR

FRONT

RIGHT SIDE BOTTOM

Orthographic Projection
The observer is at infinity and the rays forming an image on a picture plane of projection are parallel to each other.

The rays are perpendicular to the plane of projection (picture plane).

Glass Box Method: Third angle projection

Horizontal Plane

The object is placed inside a glass box. The sides of the box represent the 6 principal planes. Planes connected by hinge joints.
Profile Plane Frontal Plane

What are the differences between the Top and Bottom, and Front and Rear views?

What is the difference between Left & Right side Views??

Left

Right Side

Rear They are mirror images with different line types.

They are Mirror Images with One different Line type

Bottom

Front View
The front view shows the most features of the object.

-It usually contains the least amount of hidden lines.

-The front view is chosen first and the other views are based on the orientation of the front view.

View Alignment
The top and front views are aligned vertically and share the same width dimension. The front and right side views are aligned horizontally and share the same height dimension.

Creating Hidden Lines (H)

The length of the hidden line dashes may vary slightly as the size of the drawing changes Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot be seen.

Using Centre Lines (H) Centre lines represent axes of symmetry. They are important for interpreting cylindrical shapes.

Draw the centre in all the views. Fill inlines the hidden lines
in to front, top and right side views. Fill in the Fill in the visible lines visible lines invisible to toplines view. Fill in the in to right side in to front view. view.

Creating an orthographic Projection

Choose a front view.
Which view shows the most about the object?

Creating an orthographic Projection ...

Decide how many views are needed.
How many and which views?

2 views :
Front & Top

Creating an orthographic Projection

Draw the Draw Draw the top to four Project back Draw Draw Draw a 45 projectors the Draw centre view. quadrants (2H the front view. projectors Project back degree miter from the right side lines where pencil) over to the if needed. line. front view. view. necessary. 45 line and Draw the down form Projectors visible object with 2H features feature pencil , of the front view points. continuous (H pencil). lines.

Vertical Projectors

45degree

Horizontal Projectors

Completed drawing: Third Angle Projection

Specific to TA101 course:

A drawing does not contain quadrants or projection lines. In this course you should leave the construction lines after completing your drawing. Use a 45 mitre line for reflecting the views.

Use 2H pencil for all construction lines , H pencil for Object lines, dimensions, writing (title block 10 mm, dim 6 mm), etc.

End

Imagine the object to be placed inside a glass box

Projection Of Object On The Walls Of Box

Unfolding Of Box For Getting All The Projection On The Single Plane