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(Pneumococcus)
Most common cause of pneumonia (lobar) in adults Meningitis in adults Otitis media in children Other infections
Gram positive Diplococcus (lancet shaped in pairs or small chains) Hemolytic on blood agar non sporing and non motile catalase negative Optochin sensitive Qulung positive
Peptidoglycan layer:
Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid contain phosphoryl-choline Choline:
Adhesion to choline binding receptors on all cells Activates & attaches to PAF receptors Increase capillary permeability serious accumulation and leukocyte aggregation Receptor mediated endocytosis C-reactive protein recognize choline immune response (macropahge & cytokines) Acts as autolysins destructs pneumococcus Pneumolysins & H2O2 destructs host cells, cilia action, inflammatory cytokines, PMN activity and compliment.
Capsule:
Polysacharide Phagocytosis by inhibiting C3b 90 serotypes vaccine
Pili:
Adhesion to carbohydrate receptors and stimulates immune response , more TNF
IgA protease
Epidemiology
Pneumococci Lobar Pneumonia Attachment: choline receptors, pili IL1,6, TNF and PMNs, inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activations Immune response Capsule phagocytosis PMNs accumulation, PAF activation Autolysins release, pneumolysin release leads more damage. H2O2 Suppuration and serous fluid Dissemination leads Meningitis etc.
Alveoli
Pathogenesis
Clinical conditions
Pneumonia Meningitis Otitis media Sinusitis Bacterimia
Diagnosis
Quellung reaction Optochin test Soluble in bile
Quellung Reaction
Treatment
Drug of Choice: Penicillin