Presented by: Ika Ermawati [7110040035]

Program Studi D4 Teknik Elektronika Departemen Teknik Elektronika Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya 2013

Theme

Technology
Context clues Antonyms Cohesive Devices

Reading

Writing

More practice with compare and contrast essays

ARE YOU READY??

If you don't know the meaning of a word, the best way to figure out its meaning is to use context clues. The following are types of context clues:
examples contrasting words or ideas synonyms or further explanation through clauses

NASA, though frequently thought to contain only astronauts and shuttle engineers, is actually comprised of many departments, one of which is the Robotic Vehicles Group. Members of this department must research, develop, and test mobile robots, or robots which move, before they can be used either in terrestrial or space missions. NASA's robotic vehicles can have many functions, including planetary exploration and hazardous materials investigation. The former function necessitates robotic vehicles that can essentially be autonomous since humans cannot accompany the robots to many of the places they must venture outside Earth. Space-bound robotic vehicles should add immensely to the small store of scientific knowledge humans currently have regarding the surface of other planets

Look at the following three examples taken from the passage. Underline the words or phrases that relate to the inference technique, and then use this technique to guess the meaning of word.

1.

Underline the words that give an explanation of the word infrastructure

Both rail and automobile transportation depend on expensive infrastructure; highway construction in the United State averages several million dollars per kilometer, and can easily go much higher. Railroads are almost as expensive to build, and railroad operators must also pay to maintain their locomotives and rolling stock.
Meaning of infrastructure :

____________________________________

Both rail and automobile transportation depend on expensive infrastructure; highway construction in the United State averages several million dollars per kilometer, and can easily go much higher. Railroads are almost as expensive to build, and railroad operators must also pay to maintain their locomotives and rolling stock.
Meaning of infrastructure : large scale network

2.

Underline the contrasting words that help you infer the meaning of word endure.

Once on board the train, the passenger can read a newspaper, prepare for work, or simply relax and admire the scenery passing by. Driving, on the other hand, requires the patience to endure traffic jams and the rude person behind who drives with his horn.
Meaning of endure :

___________________________________

Once on board the train, the passenger can read a newspaper, prepare for work, or simply relax and admire the scenery passing by. Driving, on the other hand, requires the patience to endure traffic jams and the rude person behind who drives with his horn.
Meaning of endure : put up with

3.

Underline the examples that help you infer the meaning of the word versatility.

Nevertheless, cars do offer a real advantage in versatility. It is never necessary to wait for the carit's ready when its driver is, and is never behind schedule. Plus, there's plenty of room in the trunk for carrying groceries or skis. And a car can go all those places where no rail lines have been built. Additionally, cars can be customized and infinitely varied to suit any kind of need or taste.
Meaning of versatility :

________________________________________

Nevertheless, cars do offer a real advantage in versatility. It is never necessary to wait for the carit's ready when its driver is, and is never behind schedule. Plus, there's plenty of room in the trunk for carrying groceries or skis. And a car can go all those places where no rail lines have been built. Additionally, cars can be customized and infinitely varied to suit any kind of need or taste.
Meaning of versatility : flexibility, easy to make us of

When learning new vocabulary, it is often useful to learn words with the opposite meaning, antonym, at the same time. Look at the following words.
friendly hostile

Those two words are antonyms

Now look at the following list of words. Match the word in the list to its antonym.
prompt impaired misery
segregated from

inattention

devastating

fragile

ethical

1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Hesitating >< ____________ Immoral >< ____________ Alertnes >< ____________ Integrated with >< _________ Resilent >< ____________ Beneficial >< ____________ Joy >< ____________ Enhanced >< ____________

help writers transition smoothly from one sentence or one paragraph to the next.
Pronouns, demonstrative adjective, articles, and transitional phrases can all be used for this purpose.

Transitional phrases, in particular, can be grouped according to purpose.

For example, the transitional phrase for example at the beginning of this sentence serves the purpose of transitioning into giving an example.

Specific transitional phrases exist for the purposes of comparing, contrasting, adding new information, and showing cause and effect, among others.

Both rail and automobile transportation depend on expensive infrastructure; highway construction in the United State averages several million dollars per kilometer, and can easily go much higher. Railroads are almost as expensive to build, and railroad operators must also pay to maintain their locomotives and rolling stock. Therefore, there does not seem to be a particular advantage in either fuel efficiency or cost of construction and maintenance associated with either automobiles or trains.

Comparison both and In comparison with similarly

Contrast though while On the other hand

Addition In addition to Then there is Plus

Cause or Effect Consequently Therefore

By contrast

In fact

Here are some tips to help you recognize a compare/contrast essay prompt as well as some sample prompts:
The prompt may include the words compare and contrast. Sometimes the prompt may use the word compare by itself, but remember, you will still need to discuss both similarities and differences in your essay.
Some people say that learning from experience is better than learning from books. Do you agree? Compare and contrast learning from experience with learning from books. Use examples in your answer.

The prompt may ask you to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two different things or ideas.
An automobile manufacturer is considering your community and the neighboring community as possible sites for a new factory. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of building the factory in each community. Use specific details and examples in your essay.

The prompt may present you with two alternatives, and ask you to identify your preference and to explain your choice.
Do you think it is better for companies to hire less experienced employees for lower salaries or more experienced people for higher salaries? Explain your preference, using examples and details.

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs may be used in the prompt. Better is a common example.
In some countries, university students study a variety of subjects as well as their chosen field. In other countries, students only take courses that are related to their major field. Which system is better? Be specific and provide examples in your response.

1 2

Reading the prompt carefully, to be certain of the questions it asks and the essay type it requires. Brainstorming - generating ideas through free-writing or similar technique Writing your thesis statement a clear statement of your opinion or position that will direct the rest of your writing process

3
4 5 6

Preparing an outline of the esay

Writing the essay

Editing and proofreading

The following chart includes a transition signals commonly compare/contrast essays.

COMPARE CONTRAST

number used
UNECPECTED

of in

Likewise
Similar to

However
In, by contrast

However
Nevertheless

Like
Similarly Just as Bothand Not onlybut also Neithernor

In / by comparison
On the other hand On the contrary While Whereas

Still
Nonetheless Although Even though