Nanoscience

working small, thinking big

Nano:
From the Greek nanos meaning "dwarf, this prefix is used in the metric system to mean 10-9 or 1/1,000,000,000.

*Nanotechnology is the creation of functional

materials, devices, and systems through control of matter on the nanometer (1 to 100 nm) length scale and the exploitation of novel properties and phenomena developed at that scale. is based upon the ability to systematically organize and manipulate matter on the nanometer length scale.

*A scientific and technical revolution has begun that

There are the reasons:

*The wavelike properties of electrons inside matter are

influenced by variations on the nanometer scale. By patterning matter on the nanometer length, it is possible to vary fundamental properties of materials (for instance, melting temperature, magnetization, charge capacity) without changing the chemical composition. length scale is a key feature of biological systems. Nanotechnology promises to allow us to place artificial components and assemblies inside cells, and to make new materials using the self-assembly methods of nature.

*The systematic organization of matter on the nanometer

*Nanoelectronic device?
*A very small devices to ovecome limits on
scalability

*Examples:
* Single-Electron Transistors
* controlled electron tunneling to amplify current

* Resonance Tunneling Device

* quantum device use to control current

History of Nanotechnology
*Richard Feynman
* Richard Feynman was the first person to suggest
that nanotechnology was a possibility. In his lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, Feynman asserted that there should be nothing stopping us from creating products at the size of atoms

*Eigler
* Eigler and his colleagues constructed the first
object, atom-by-atom that was ever created solely by man. This construction was an essential stepping stone on the road to nanotechnology today. It is this microscope that allows scientists to manufacture and construct objects at the atom, molecular, and nano-sized level

* Nanotechnology will be the

major technology in development of every machine in coming years.

* The industries which provide

advancements in the objects are already formulating the advancements in the nanotechnology
largely used in medicine

* Nanotechnology will be

THE LAW *The number of transistors on a chip will approximately double every 18 to 24 months (Moores Law). *This law has given chip designers greater incentives to incorporate new features on silicon.

*Moore's Law works

largely through shrinking transistors, the circuits that carry electrical signals. transistors, designers can squeeze more transistors into a chip.

*By shrinking

*However, more transistors means more

electricity and heat compressed into a smaller space.

*Furthermore, smaller chips increase

performance but also create the problem of complexity.

Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at

atomic scale for developing the Nano machines

The main target is to reduce the size, risk factor and

surface areas of the materials and molecules

Nano electronics develop its products and circuits at Much kind of integrated circuits are present in the

super miniature level. Individual part of the machine is handled atomically. nanoelectronic devices. These integrated circuits are known as microelectronics

*The single-electron tunneling

transistor - a device that exploits the quantum effect of tunneling to control and measure the movement of single electrons was developed. *Experiments have shown that charge does not flow continuously in these devices but in a quantized way.

Fig. A single-electron transistor

*SET consists of a gate

electrode that electrostaticaly influences electrons traveling between the source and drain electrodes.
to cross two tunnel junctions that form an isolated conducting electrode called the island.

*The electrons in the SET need

*Electrons passing through the

island charge and discharge it, and the relative energies of systems containing 0 or 1 extra electrons depends on the gate voltage.
Fig. A single-electron transistor

*The key point is that charge

passes through the island in quantized units.

*For an electron to hop onto

the island, its energy must equal the Coulomb energy, e2/2C.

*When both the gate and bias

voltages are zero, electrons do not have enough energy to enter the island and current does not flow.

Fig. A single-electron transistor

*As the bias voltage between

the source and drain is increased, an electron can pass through the island when the energy in the system reaches the Coulomb energy. *This effect is known as the Coulomb blockade, and the critical voltage needed to transfer an electron onto the island, equal to e/2C, is called the Coulomb gap voltage.

Fig. A single-electron transistor

CLASSIFICATION OF NANO ELECTRONICS

MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
The step from microstructures to the investigation of nanostructures is a big challenge also in this field and has lead to what nowadays is called molecular electronics in its narrow sense. In this field the subjects of the studies are often single molecules, e.g. single molecule optical spectroscopy, electrical conductance, i.e. charge transport through a single molecule, the influence of vibrational degrees of freedom. A challenge here is to provide the techniques for addressing in a reproducible way the molecular scale.

 One of the central problems of molecular electronics is to understand electron conduction properties when a functional molecule is interfaced with external electrodes and put under external bias and gate potentials. These properties are influenced by the molecule-electrode interaction as well as by the structure of the functional region of the device

PROBLEMS IN MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
Quantum electronics is the area of physics dealing with the effects of quantum mechanics on the behaviour of electrons in matter Quantum Electronics is further divided into following branches:

Laser Science Quantum Electrodynamics Spintronics

Laser Science
Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that
describes the theory and practice of laser Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the lasers

It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.

A PROTON COLLIDER AT CERN

The proton, one of the most well-known and basic building blocks of matter, turns out to be holding onto a few secrets. A new measurement found that the radius of the proton is about 4 percent smaller than previously thought. Scientists discovered the surprising anomaly in proton size by shooting laser beams at an exotic version of a hydrogen atom, which most often consists of one proton and one electron.

The finding means that either the theory governing how light and matter interact (called quantum electrodynamics, or QED) must be revised, or that a constant used in many fundamental calculations is wrong, the researchers said.

Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved.

One of the founding fathers of QED, Richard Feynman, has called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.

Spintronics
Spintronics also known as magneto electronics, is an emerging technology exploiting both the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.

MRAM computer chips use electron spin rather than charge to store bits of data, which enables them to retain information even when electrical power is turned off.

QUANTUM COMPUTING
Today, Intel's latest microprocessors are based on an industrial process that can produce transistors only 22 nanometres wide Quantum computing- an emerging science that quite literally goes beyond the laws of conventional physics Over the next few decades, quantum computing could be the next-wave development to deliver computer power well beyond current comprehension.

Practical quantum computing research is now very much under way. Perhaps most notably, back in 2007 a Canadian company called DWave announced what it described as "the world's first commercially viable quantum computer". This was based on a 16 qubit processor -- the Rainer R4.7 -- made from the rare metal niobium super cooled into a superconducting state. Back in 2007, D-Wave demonstrated their quantum computer performing several tasks including playing Sudoku and creating a complex seating plan In 2011, D-Wave launched a fully-commercial, 128-qubit quantum computer. Called the D-Wave One, this is described by the company as a "high performance computing system designed for industrial problems encountered by fortune 500 companies, government and academia". The D-Wave One's super-cooled 128 qubit processor is housed inside a cryogenics system within a 10 square meter shielded room. At launch, the D-Wave One cost $10 million. The first D-Wave One was sold to US aerospace, security and military giant Lockheed Martin in May 2011.

 One of the obvious advantage is that Nanoelectronics reduces size

and scale of the machine with the help of complex integration on the circuit silicon chips. Advanced properties of semiconductors can be determined with the help of Nanoelectronics. Molecular scale Nanoelectronics is also known as the next step in the miniaturization of electronic devices, with latest electronics theory and research in the field of nanoelectronics, it is possible to explore the diverse properties of molecules. Extreme fabrication also supported the multiple use of single machine. Parallel processing is also empowered by Nanoelectronics. In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a boon since these can help with creating what is called smart drugs.

Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development is the possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry.

You will also find that the development of nanotechnology can also bring about the crash of certain markets due to the lowering of the value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility of developing alternative sources of energy that are more efficient and wont require the use of fossil fuels.
Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive. Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the inhalation of these minute particles, much like the problems a person gets from inhaling minute asbestos particles. Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive

APPLICATIONS OF NANOELECTRONICS
MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
Current areas of research include mechanisms to guide the selection of molecules, architectures for assembling molecules into nanoscale gates, and three-terminal molecules for transistor-like behavior. More-radical approaches include DNA computing, where single-stranded DNA on a silicon chip would encode all possible variable values and complementary strand interactions would be used for a parallel processing approach to finding solutions.

NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES

Carbon nanotubes have remarkable electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. Depending on their specific diameter and the bonding arrangement of their carbon atoms

 Advanced Manufacturing

Benefits: Controlled manufacturing processes, economical and high output with low cost. Applications and Uses: faster electronics, new material development

Aerospace

Benefits: CO2 reduction, lighter materials, move to less fuel consumption cost savings, improved functionality of materials, minimizing risk, flexibility and new systems Applications and Uses: Nano composites, advanced sensors, faster electronics for data processing

 Agriculture

Benefits: higher crop yields, reduction in the use of pesticides and improved water management Applications and Uses: nanoparticles for removing contamination, moisture sensors, detection of pathogens
Benefits: CO2 reduction, lighter materials, move to less fuel consumption Applications and Uses: Lubricant / hydraulic additives, nanoparticles in catalytic converters, fuel cells, hydrogen storage Benefits: reduction of waste and CO2 reduction Applications and Uses: fuel cells, nanoparticles as catalysts

Automotive

Chemical Industries

 Construction

Benefits: lower energy needs, CO2 reduction Applications and Uses: Thermal insulation, Energy storage devices Cosmetics Benefits: UV protection, enhanced delivery of medicated skin products Applications: clear sunscreens, beauty care products, Cosmeceuticals, Nutraceuticals Creative Industries Benefits: Bio inspired product development Applications and Uses: changing effects, advanced display systems Defence Benefits: better detection and surveillance techniques, Applications and Uses: body armour, chemical and biological sensors

 Electronics

Benefits: providing faster, smaller and enhanced hand held devices Applications and Uses: Advanced display technologies with conductive nanomaterials, quantum computing, data storage, printable and flexible electronics, magnetic nanoparticles for data storage Benefits: New materials for energy harvesting and storage Applications and Uses: DC-DC power converters, fuel cells, nanocomposites for high temperature applications Benefits: CO2 reduction and clean-up Applications and Uses: Air and water filtration, waste and water treatment, hazardous materials disposal, in-building environmental systems, remediation

Energy/Power

Environment

Nanoelectronics: Applications under Development

Researchers are looking into the following nanoelectronics projects:
Building transistors from carbon nanotubes to enable minimum transistor dimensions of a few nanometres and developing techniques to manufacture integrated circuits built with nanotube transistors. Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.

 Combining gold nanoparticles with organic molecules to create a transistor known as a NOMFET (Nanoparticle Organic Memory FieldEffect Transistor). Using carbon nanotubes to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight, millimeter thick "nanoemmissive" display panel. Making integrated circuits with features that can be measured in nanometers (nm), such as the process that allows the production of integrated circuits with 22 nm wide transistor gates.

NOMFET
An organic transistor that mimics a brain synapse

o The scope and application of Nanotechnology is

tremendous and mind-boggling and it is one of the hottest career option available to Indian Engineering graduates.

o Nanoelectronic technology will be the major

technology in development of every machine in coming years.

o The industries which provide advancements in the

objects are already formulating the advancements in the nanotechnology.

Major Industries in Electronics Using Nanotechnology in their Products

Samsung AMD a123systems Starkey, Inc. Multiple Manufacturers IBM Apple, Inc. Intel Eikos Inc. IOGEAR, Inc. Lenovo LG Electronics Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.

* Nanotechnology is already now a

key element of Nanoelectronics. Several alternatives proposed to overcome foreseen scaling limitations, but maturity and economical considerations cannot be neglected. progress in the fabrication, many challenges remain. For solid state nanoelectronics, one of the most important challenges is to be able to produce reliably and uniformly in silicon the characteristic nanometer-scale features required for nanoelectronics

* Despite enormous recent

Summary
Nanoelectronics is not only about size but also phenomena, mechanism, etc. Nanoelctronics is a wide open field with vast potential for breakthroughs coming from fundamental research. Some of the major issues that need to be addressed are:
Understand nanoscale transport (theory & experimental). Develop/understand self-assembly techniques to do conventional things cheaper. Find new ways of doing electronics and find ways of implementing them (e.g. quantum computing; hybrid Sibiological systems; cellular automata).