Introduction to Kinematics

By
M.A. Mateen
Assoc. Professor,
Department of mechanical Engineering,
Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deshmukhi.

2
What is Kinematics
Forward kinematics

Given joint variables




End-effector position and orientation, -Formula?
) , , , , , , (
6 5 4 3 2 1 n
q q q q q q q q =
) , , , , , ( T A O z y x Y =
x
y
z
3
What is Kinematics
Inverse kinematics
End effector position
and orientation




Joint variables -Formula?
) , , , , , , (
6 5 4 3 2 1 n
q q q q q q q q =
) , , , , , ( T A O z y x
x
y
z
4
Example 1
0
x
0
y
1
x
1
y
) / ( cos
kinematics Inverse
sin
cos
kinematics Forward
0
1
0
0
l x
l y
l x

=
=
=
u
u
u
u
l
5
Preliminary
Robot Reference Frames
World frame
Joint frame
Tool frame
x
y
z
x
z
y
W
R
P
T
6
Preliminary
Coordinate Transformation
Reference coordinate frame
OXYZ
Body-attached frame Ouvw
w v u
k j i
w v u uvw
p p p P + + =

z y x
k j i
z y x xyz
p p p P + + =

x
y
z
P
u
v
w
O, O
Point represented in OXYZ:
z w y v x u
p p p p p p = = =
T
z y x xyz
p p p P ] , , [ =
Point represented in Ouvw:
Two frames coincide ==>
7
Preliminary
Mutually perpendicular

Unit vectors
Properties of orthonormal coordinate frame
0
0
0
=
=
=
j k
k i
j i

1 | |
1 | |
1 | |
=
=
=
k
j
i

Properties: Dot Product

Let and be arbitrary vectors in and be the
angle from to , then



3
R
u
u cos y x y x =
x
y
x y
8
Preliminary
Coordinate Transformation
Rotation only
w v u
k j i
w v u uvw
p p p P + + =

x
y
z
P
z y x
k j i
z y x xyz
p p p P + + =

uvw xyz
RP P =
u
v
w
How to relate the coordinate in these two frames?
9
Preliminary
Basic Rotation
, , and represent the projections of onto
OX, OY, OZ axes, respectively

Since

x
p
P
y
p
z
p
w v u x
p p p P p
w x v x u x x
k i j i i i i + + = =
w v u y
p p p P p
w y v y u y y
k j j j i j j + + = =
w v u z
p p p P p
w z v z u z z
k k j k i k k + + = =
w v u
k j i
w v u
p p p P + + =
10
Preliminary
Basic Rotation Matrix



Rotation about x-axis with

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

w
v
u
z
y
x
p
p
p
p
p
p
w z v z u z
w y v y u y
w x v x u x
k k j k i k
k j j j i j
k i j i i i
x
z
y
v
w
P
u
u
(
(
(

=
u u
u u u
C S
S C x Rot
0
0
0 0 1
) , (
u
11
Preliminary
Is it True?
Rotation about x axis with

u u
u u
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
w v z
w v y
u x
w
v
u
z
y
x
p p p
p p p
p p
p
p
p
p
p
p
+ =
=
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

x
z
y
v
w
P
u
u
u
12
Basic Rotation Matrices
Rotation about x-axis with


Rotation about y-axis with



Rotation about z-axis with



uvw xyz
RP P =
(
(
(

=
u u
u u u
C S
S C x Rot
0
0
0 0 1
) , (

0
0 1 0
0
) , (
(
(
(

=
u u
u u
u
C S
S C
y Rot
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0
0
) , ( u u
u u
u C S
S C
z Rot
u
u
u
13
Preliminary
Basic Rotation Matrix



Obtain the coordinate of from the coordinate of
uvw xyz
RP P =
(
(
(

=
w z v z u z
w y v y u y
w x v x u x
k k j k i k
k j j j i j
k i j i i i
R
xyz uvw
QP P =
T
R R Q = =
1
3
1
I R R R R QR
T
= = =

uvw
P
xyz
P
<== 3X3 identity matrix
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

z
y
x
w
v
u
p
p
p
p
p
p
z w y w x w
z v y v x v
z u y u x u
k k j k i k
k j j j i j
k i j i i i
Dot products are commutative!
14
Example 2
A point is attached to a rotating frame, the
frame rotates 60 degree about the OZ axis of the
reference frame. Find the coordinates of the point
relative to the reference frame after the rotation.



) 2 , 3 , 4 ( =
uvw
a
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
=
2
964 . 4
598 . 0
2
3
4
1 0 0
0 5 . 0 866 . 0
0 866 . 0 5 . 0
) 60 , (
uvw xyz
a z Rot a
15
Example 3
A point is the coordinate w.r.t. the
reference coordinate system, find the
corresponding point w.r.t. the rotated OU-V-
W coordinate system if it has been rotated 60
degree about OZ axis.
) 2 , 3 , 4 ( =
xyz
a
uvw
a
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
=
2
964 . 1
598 . 4
2
3
4
1 0 0
0 5 . 0 866 . 0
0 866 . 0 5 . 0
) 60 , (
xyz
T
uvw
a z Rot a
16
Composite Rotation Matrix
A sequence of finite rotations
matrix multiplications do not commute
rules:
if rotating coordinate O-U-V-W is rotating about
principal axis of OXYZ frame, then Pre-multiply the
previous (resultant) rotation matrix with an
appropriate basic rotation matrix
if rotating coordinate OUVW is rotating about its own
principal axes, then post-multiply the previous
(resultant) rotation matrix with an appropriate basic
rotation matrix
17
Example 4
Find the rotation matrix for the following
operations:


Post-multiply if rotate about the OUVW axes
Pre-multiply if rotate about the OXYZ axes
...
axis OU about Rotation
axis OW about Rotation
axis OY about Rotation
Answer
o
u
|
(
(
(

+

+
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
=
o u | o | o | o u | u |
o u o u u
o | o u | o u | o | u |
o o
o o u u
u u
| |
| |
o u |
S S S C C S C C S S C S
S C C C S
C S S S C C S C S S C C
C S
S C C S
S C
u Rot w Rot I y Rot R
0
0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0
0
C 0 S -
0 1 0
S 0 C
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
3
18
Coordinate Transformations
position vector of P
in {B} is transformed
to position vector of P
in {A}

description of {B} as
seen from an observer
in {A}

Rotation of {B} with respect to {A}
Translation of the origin of {B} with respect to origin of {A}
19
Coordinate Transformations
Two Special Cases

1. Translation only
Axes of {B} and {A} are
parallel


2. Rotation only
Origins of {B} and {A} are
coincident


1 =
B
A
R
' o A P B
B
A P A
r r R r + =
0
'
=
o A
r
20
Homogeneous Representation
Coordinate transformation from {B} to {A}



Homogeneous transformation matrix
' o A P B
B
A P A
r r R r + =
(

=
(

1 1 0 1
3 1
' P B o A
B
A P A
r r R r
(

=
(

1 0
1 0
1 3 3 3
3 1
'
P R
r R
T
o A
B
A
B
A
Position
vector
Rotation
matrix
Scaling
21
Homogeneous Transformation
Special cases
1. Translation



2. Rotation
(

1 0
0
3 1
1 3 B
A
B
A
R
T
(

1 0
3 1
'
3 3
o A
B
A
r I
T
22
Example 5
Translation along Z-axis with h:



(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
) , (
h
h z Trans
(
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1
h p
p
p
p
p
p
h z
y
x
w
v
u
w
v
u
x
y
z
P
u
v
w
O, O
h
x
y
z
P
u
v
w
O, O
23
Example 6
Rotation about the X-axis by




(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 1
) , (
u u
u u
u
C S
S C
x Rot
x
z
y
v
w
P
u
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

1 1 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 1
1
w
v
u
p
p
p
C S
S C
z
y
x
u u
u u
24
Homogeneous Transformation
Composite Homogeneous Transformation
Matrix
Rules:
Transformation (rotation/translation) w.r.t (X,Y,Z)
(OLD FRAME), using pre-multiplication
Transformation (rotation/translation) w.r.t (U,V,W)
(NEW FRAME), using post-multiplication

25
Example 7
Find the homogeneous transformation matrix (T)
for the following operations:

:
axis OZ about of Rotation
axis OZ along d of n Translatio
axis OX along a of n Translatio
axis OX about Rotation
Answer
u
o
4 4 , , , ,
= I T T T T T
x a x d z z o u
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0
0 0
o o
o o u u
u u
C S
S C
a
d
C S
S C
26
Homogeneous Representation
A frame in space (Geometric
Interpretation)

x
y
z
) , , (
z y x
p p p P
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
z z z z
y y y y
x x x x
p a s n
p a s n
p a s n
F
n
s
a
(

=

1 0
1 3 3 3
P R
F
Principal axis n w.r.t. the reference coordinate system
(X)
(y)
(z)
27
Homogeneous Transformation
Translation
y
z
n
s
a
n
s
a
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
z z z z z
y y y y y
x x x x x
z z z z
y y y y
x x x x
z
y
x
new
d p a s n
d p a s n
d p a s n
p a s n
p a s n
p a s n
d
d
d
F
old z y x new
F d d d Trans F = ) , , (
28
Homogeneous Transformation
2
1
1
0
2
0
A A A =
Composite Homogeneous Transformation Matrix
0
x
0
z
0
y
1
0
A
2
1
A
1
x
1
z
1
y
2
x
2
z
2
y
?
i
i
A
1 Transformation matrix for
adjacent coordinate frames
Chain product of successive coordinate
transformation matrices
29
Example 8
For the figure shown below, find the 4x4 homogeneous transformation matrices
and for i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
z z z z
y y y y
x x x x
p a s n
p a s n
p a s n
F
i
i
A
1
i
A
0
0
x
0
y
0
z
a
b
c
d
e
1
x
1
y
1
z
2
z
2
x
2
y
3
y
3
x
3
z
4
z
4
y
4
x
5
x
5
y
5
z
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0 1
1
0
d a
c e
A
(
(
(
(

+

=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
2
0
c e
b
A
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
2
1
d a
b
A
Can you find the answer by observation based on
the geometric interpretation of homogeneous
transformation matrix?
30
Orientation Representation
Rotation matrix representation needs 9 elements
to completely describe the orientation of a rotating
rigid body.
Any easy way?
(

=

1 0
1 3 3 3
P R
F
Euler Angles Representation
31
Orientation Representation
Euler Angles Representation ( , , )
Many different types
Description of Euler angle representations


|
u

Euler Angle I Euler Angle II Roll-Pitch-Yaw
Sequence about OZ axis about OZ axis about OX axis
of about OU axis about OV axis about OY axis
Rotations about OW axis about OW axis about OZ axis

| |
|
u u u

32
x
y
z
u'
v'
|
u
v "
w"
w'=
=u"

v'"

u'"
w'"=

Euler Angle I, Animated
33
Orientation Representation
Euler Angle I
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos
,
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
,
1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos
' '
'


u u
u u | |
| |

u |
w
u z
R
R R
34
Euler Angle I


|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
u u u
u |
u |
|
u |
|
u
u |
|
u |
|
u |
cos sin cos sin sin
sin cos
cos cos cos
sin sin
cos sin cos
cos sin
sin sin
cos cos sin
sin cos
cos sin sin
cos cos
' ' ' w u z
R R R R
Resultant eulerian rotation matrix:
35
Euler Angle II, Animated
x
y
z
u'
v'
|
u
=v"
w"
w'=
u"

v"'

u"'
w"'=
Note the opposite
(clockwise) sense of the
third rotation, |.
36
Orientation Representation
Matrix with Euler Angle II
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

u
u u
u
u |
|
u |
|
u |
u |
|
u |
|
cos
sin sin sin cos
sin sin
cos cos sin
cos cos
cos cos sin
sin cos
sin cos
cos cos sin
cos sin
cos cos cos
sin sin