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maxmin
,=,
0, unr, 0
max(min)
s.t.
min
=
0
min
s.t.
zC X
AX ( , )b
T
X ()0, unr
z CT X
AX b
X0
max
s.t.
z=x1+3x2
x1+ x26
-x1+2x28
x1 0, x20
x2
-8
6
0
x1
max z= 2x1 +3x2 +x3
s.t.
x1 +3x2 +x3 15
2x1 +3x2 -x3 18
x1
-x2 +x3 3
x1,
x2,
x3 0
min z= -2x1 -3x2
st
x1 +3x2
2x1 +3x2
x1 -x2
x1, x2,
-x3
+x3 +x4
=15
-x3
+x5
=18
+x3
+x6 =3
x3, x4, x5, x6 0
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=531000
z=20
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x4x3x5x6
x1 +3x2 +x4
2x1 +3x2
x1
-x2
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=27/512/502/500
z=18
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x5x3x4x6
x1 +3x2
2x1 +3x2 +x5
x1
-x2
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=6300-30
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x6x3x4x5
x1 +3x2
2x1 +3x2
x1
-x2 +x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=340004
z=18
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x2x3x4x1x5x6
3x2
3x2
-x2
+x3
-x3
+x3
+x4 =15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=021/227/2-3000
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6
3x2
3x2
-x2
+x3
-x3
+x3
+x5
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=0360150
z=15
x1 +3x2 +x3
2x1 +3x2 -x3
x1
-x2 +x3
+x4
+x5
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6
3x2
3x2
-x2
+x3
-x3
+x3
+x6
=15
=18
=3
x1x2x3x4x5x6=011/2-3/20010
max
s.t.
z=x1+3x2
x1+ x2+x3 =6
-x1+2x2 +x4 =8
x1, x2,x3,x40
D
B
x4=0
xj<0
O
x3 x4
x1 x2
-
A
x1 x4
x2 x3
-
C
x1=0
x3=0
O
B
x1 x2
x3 x4
-
C
x2 x3
x1 x4
-
x2=0
D
x2 x4
x1 x3
x4
A
E
x1 x3
x2 x4
x1
max
s.t.
z=
3x1 +4x2
x1 +x2
x1 +2x2
x1
x2
-x3
+x3
+x3
x3
+2x4
+x4
+2x4
x4
25
36
0
min z'= -3x1
s.t.
x1
x1
x1
-4x2
+x2
+2x2
x2
+x3
+x3
+x3
x3
-2x4
+x4 +x5
=25
+2x4
+x6 =36
x4 x5 x6 0
z'
x5
x6
z'
1
0
0
x1
3
1
1
x2
4
1
2
x3
-1
1
1
x4
2
1
2
x5
0
1
0
x6
0
0
1
RHS
0
25 25/1
36 36/2
x2
40
10
21
x3
-3
-1
1/2
1
1/2
1
x4
2-2
10
21
x5 x6 RHS
00 -2
0 -72
0
7
11 -1/2
0
25
18
00 1/2
1
36
x2 x6
z'
x5
x2
z'
11
00
00
x1
31
1/2
1
1/2
1
x1 x5
7/1/2
18/1/2
z'
x51
xx22
z'
11
00
0
x1
10
1
1/2
0
1/2
x2
0
0
1
x3
-4
-3
1
1/2
0
1/2
x4
-2
-2
00
1
x5
-2
0
12
-1
0
x6 RHS
-1 -86
-2
-72
-1 14
-1/2
7
1/21 11
18
x1x2x3x4x5x6=14110000
min z=-86max z=86
max z= 2x1 +3x2 +x3
st
x1 +3x2 +x3 15
2x1 +3x2 -x3 18
x1
-x2 +x3 3
x1,
x2,
x3 0
min z= -2x1 -3x2
st
x1 +3x2
2x1 +3x2
x1 -x2
x1, x2,
-x3
+x3 +x4
=15
-x3
+x5
=18
+x3
+x6 =3
x3, x4, x5, x6 0
min z= -2x1 -3x2
st
x1 +3x2
2x1 +3x2
x1 -x2
x1, x2,
z
x4
x5
x6
z
1
0
0
0
x1
2
1
2
1
x2
3
3
3
-1
x3
1
1
-1
1
-x3
+x3 +x4
=15
-x3
+x5
=18
+x3
+x6 =3
x3, x4, x5, x6 0
x4
0
1
0
0
x5
0
0
1
0
x6
0
0
0
1
RHS
0
15
18
3
15/3
18/3
-
z
x4
x5
x6
z
x2
x5
x6
z
x2
x1
x6
z
1
0
0
0
x1
2
1
2
1
z
1
0
0
0
z
1
0
0
0
x1
1
1/3
[1]
4/3
x1
0
0
1
0
x2
3
[3]
3
-1
x3
1
1
-1
1
x2 x3
0
0
1 1/3
0
-2
0 4/3
x2 x3
0
2
1
1
0
-2
0 [4]
x4
0
1
0
0
x4
-1
1/3
-1
1/3
x4
0
2/3
-1
5/3
x5
0
0
1
0
x6
0
0
0
1
x5 x6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
x5
x6
-1
0
-1/3 0
1
0
-4/3 1
RHS
0
15
18
3
15/3
18/3
-
RHS
-15
5
5/1/3
3
3/1
8
8/4/3
RHS
-18
4
4/1
3
-4
4/4
z x1 x2 x3 x4
x5 x6 RHS
z 1 0 0
2
0
-1
0 -18
x2 0 0 1
1 2/3 -1/3 0
4
4/1
x1 0 1 0 -2 -1
1
0
3
-x6 0 0 0 [4] 5/3 -4/3 1
4
4/4
x3 x6
z x1 x2 x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
z 1 0 0 0 -5/6 -1/3 -1/2 -20
x2 0 0 1 0
1/4
0
-1/4
3
x1 0 1 0 0 -1/6 1/3 1/2
5
x3 0 0 0 1 5/12 -1/3 1/4
1
:(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5x6)=(5,3,1,0,0,0), max z=20
RHS
-CT
XB
XN
RHS
-CBT
-CNT
XB
XN
RHS
-CBT
-CNT
XB
B-1N
B-1b
XB
XN
RHS
0T
CBTB-1N-CNT
CBTB-1b
XB
B-1N
B-1b
XB
xj
RHS
-CBT
-cj
aj
XB
xj
RHS
0T
CBTB-1aj-cj CBTB-1b
z
z 1
B-1aj
B-1b
CBTB-1aj-cj=zj-cj Reduced Cost
B-1aj=Yj
B-1b=
CBTB-1b=z0
XB
0T
CBTB-1aj-cj CBTB-1b
XB
XB 0
xj
RHS
B-1aj
B-1b
xj
RHS
0T
zj-cj
z0
Yj
DUAL
Kuhn-Tucher
min z=CTX
s.t.
AXb
X 0
min
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W 0
CT
max
bT
AT
n
m
1
min z=CTX
s.t. AXb
X 0
max z=-CTX
s.t. -AX-b
X 0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W 0
min y=-bTW
s.t. -ATW-C
W 0
2
min z=CTX
s.t. AXb
X 0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W 0
min z=CTX
s.t. AX=b
X 0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W unr
min z=CTX
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W 0
s.t.
AXb
X 0
1
XFWF
z=CTXF WTAXF WTb=y
2
XoWo
z=CTXo=WoTAXo=WoTb=y
3
min z=CTX
s.t. AXb
X 0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W0
min z=CTX
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W, WS0
XXs
WWs
XTWS=0 WTXS=0
min z=CTX
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS 0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W, WS 0
n
XTWS=0
WTXS=0
XS
-I
WS
AT
= b
= C
x1
w1
xj
xn
wi wm wm+1
xjwm+j=0 wixn+i=0
xn+1 xn+i xn+m
wm+j
wn+m
(i=1,2,,m; j=1,2,,n)
00
3
(1)PFC
AX-XS=b
X, XS 0
Kuhn-Tucher
(2)DFC
ATW+WS=C
W, WS 0
(3)CSC
XTWS=0
WTXS=0
1
min z=CTX
s.t. AXb
X 0
1
max z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
3
min z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
2
max z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
4
(1)
min z=CTX
s.t. AXb
X 0
min z=CTX
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W, WS0
z=CTX
min
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS0
y=bTW
max
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W, WS0
WT=CBTB-1
WST=CT-WTA
XS
RHS
-CT
0T
-I
XS
RHS
CBTB-1A-CT
-CBTB-1
CBTB-1b
B-1A
-B-1
B-1b
XS
RHS
-WST
-WT
CBTB-1b
B-1A
-B-1
B-1b
(2)
min z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
min z=CTX
s.t. AX+XS=b
X, XS0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATWC
W0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W 0, WS0
z=CTX
min
s.t. AX+XS=b
X, XS0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW+WS=C
W 0, WS0
WT=CBTB-1
WST=CT-WTA
XS
RHS
-CT
0T
XS
RHS
CBTB-1A-CT
CBTB-1
CBTB-1b
B-1A
B-1
B-1b
XS
RHS
-WST
WT
CBTB-1b
B-1A
B-1
B-1b
(3)
max z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
max z=CTX
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS0
min y=bTW
s.t. ATW C
W0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW-WS=C
W 0, WS0
z=CTX
max
s.t. AX-XS=b
X, XS0
min y=bTW
s.t. ATW-WS=C
W 0, WS0
WT=CBTB-1
WST=WTA- CT
XS
RHS
-CT
0T
-I
XS
RHS
CBTB-1A-CT
-CBTB-1
CBTB-1b
B-1A
-B-1
B-1b
XS
RHS
WST
-WT
CBTB-1b
B-1A
-B-1
B-1b
(4)
max z=CTX
s.t. AX b
X 0
max z=CTX
s.t. AX+XS=b
X, XS0
min y=bTW
s.t. ATW C
W0
max y=bTW
s.t. ATW-WS=C
W, WS0
z=CTX
max
s.t. AX+XS=b
X, XS0
min y=bTW
s.t. ATW-WS=C
W, WS0
WT=CBTB-1
WST=WTA- CT
XS
RHS
-CT
0T
XS
RHS
CBTB-1A-CT
CBTB-1
CBTB-1b
B-1A
B-1
B-1b
XS
RHS
WST
WT
CBTB-1b
B-1A
B-1
B-1b
2
min z
s.t.
3x 1 2x 2 x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3 5
x 1 2x 2 x 3 2
x1
min z
s.t.
x2
x3 0
3x 1 2x 2 x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3
x5
5
x 1 2x 2 x 3
x6 2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 0
min z
s.t.
3x 1 2x 2 x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3
x5
5
2x 1 2x 2 x 3
x 6 2
x1
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 0
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 RHS
-3
-2
-1
x4
-1
x5
-3
-5
x6
-2
-1
-2
x1
-3/-2
-1/-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 RHS
-1
-4
-1
x4
-1
x5
-1
-7
x3
-2
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-1
-4
-5
30
x4
-1
-5
x2
-1
-1
x3
-2
-3
16
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-1
-5
-7
35
x1
-1
-1
-2
x2
-1
-1
x3
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6=5, 7, 6, 0, 0, 0
min z=35
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6=-1, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0 max y=35
3
min z
s.t.
3x 1 2x 2 2x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3 5
x 1 2x 2 x 3 2
x1
min z
s.t.
x2
x3 0
3x 1 2x 2 2x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3
x5
5
x 1 2x 2 x 3
x6 2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 0
min z
s.t.
3x 1 2x 2 2x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4
2x 1 3x 2 x 3
x5
5
2x 1 2x 2 x 3
x 6 2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
1
z
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-3
-2
x4
-1
x5
-3
-5
x6
-2
-1
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 RHS
-7
-4
x4
-1
x5
-1
-7
x3
-2
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 RHS
-7
-18
x4
-1
-5
x2
-1
-1
x3
-2
-3
16
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 RHS
-7
-5
-10
17
x1
-1
-1
-2
x2
-1
-1
x3
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6=5, 7, 6, 0, 0, 0
min z=17
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6=-7, 5, 10, 0, 0, 0 max y=17
2
z
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-3
-2
x4
-1
x5
-3
-5
x6
-2
-1
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-5
-2
-8
x3
-1
x5
-2
-1
-9
x6
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6 RHS
-5
-2
-8
x3
1/2
3/2 -1/2
17/2
x2
-1/2
1/2 -1/2
9/2
x6
-1/2
1/2 1/2
-5/2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
RHS
-7
-5
-10
17
x3
x2
-1
-1
x1
-1
-1
-2
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6=5, 7, 6, 0, 0, 0
min z=17
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6=-7, 5, 10, 0, 0, 0 max y=17
max z c1 x 1 c 2 x 2 c 2 x 2
s.t.
a 11x 1 a 12 x 2 a 1n x n x n 1
b1
a 21x 1 a 22 x 2 a 2 n x n
x n2
b2
a m1 x 1 a m 2 x 2 a mn x n
x nm b m
x1
x2
x n x n 1 x n 2 x n m 0
2
max z=min y
min y b1 w 1 b 2 w 2 b m w m
/
s.t.
a 11 w 1 a 21 w 2 a m1 w m w m 1
a 12 w 1 a 22 w 2 a m 2 w m
w m2
a 1n w 1 a 2 n w 2 a mn w m
w m n
w1
w2
w m w m 1 w m 2 w m n
c1
c2
cn
0
w1w2...
wmmShadow Price
z y b1 w1 b 2 w 2 b i w i b m w m
z z b1 w1 b 2 w 2 (b i b i )w i b m w m
z b i w i
o
o
wi
i
b i i
max z c1x1 c 2 x 2 c j x j c n x n
s.t.
a11x1 a12 x 2 a1jx j a1n x n b1 w1
a 21x1 a 22 x 2 a 2jx j a 2n x n b 2 w2
a m1 x1 a m2 x 2 a mj x j a mn x n b m wm
x1
x2
xj
xn 0
a 1 j w1 a 2 j w 2 a ij w i a mj w m
5Reduced Cost
min y b1 w 1 b 2 w 2 b m w m
s.t.
a 11 w 1 a 21 w 2 a m1 w m w m 1
a 12 w 1 a 22 w 2 a m 2 w m
a 1n w 1 a 2 n w 2 a mn w m
w1
w2
wm
c1
w m2
w m 1
w m2
w m n
w m n
c2
cn
0
w m j ( w1a 1 j w 2 a 2 j w m a mj ) c j W T a j c j
= -
5
w i 0 x n i 0
w i x n i 0
x n i 0 w i 0
x j 0 w m j 0
x j w m j 0
w m j 0 x j 0
10
20
3
4
s1=14
s2=27
s3=19
d1=22
d2=13
d3=12
d4=13
6
7
5
3
8
4
2
7
5
9
10
6
min z 6x 11 7x 12 5x 13 3x 14 8x 21 4x 22 2x 23 7x 24 5x 31 9x 32 10x 33 6x 34
s.t. x 11 x 12 x 13 x 14
14
x 21 x 22 x 23 x 24
27
x 31 x 32 x 33 x 34
19
x 11
x 21
x 31
22
x 12
x 22
x 32
13
x 13
x 23
x 33
12
x 14
x 24
x 34
13
x 11 x 12 x 13 x 14 x 21 x 22 x 23 x 24 x 31 x 32 x 33
x 34
0
14
x11
8
x12
4
x13
2
x14
7
27
x21
5
x22
9
x23
10
x24
6
x31
22
x32
13
x34
x33
12
13
19
1
1
14
14
8
8
5
13
9
6
10
6
22
13
27
12
13
13
19
1
1
6
2
7
14
8
27
12
5
10
19
22
13
12
0
13
15
2
1
6
2
7
13
8
12
9
27
15
2
5
14
10
19
22
13
12
13
3
1
6
13
8
2
9
27
13
5
14
12
10
19
22
13
12
13
4
1
13
8
2
9
27
19
13
5
14
12
10
19
22
13
12
13
5
1
1
8
13
4
2
9
27
19
13
5
14
12
10
19
22
13
12
13
6
1
1
8
13
4
2
5
27
19
13
9
14
12
10
19
22
13
12
13
xijzij-cij(1)
1
14
2
8
5
-5
14
8
13
9
27
6
10
13
6
22
13
12
z12-c12=(c11-c21+c22)-c12=6-8+4-7=-5
13
19
(2)
1
13
9
14
-5
2
8
5
-5
14
8
27
6
10
13
6
22
13
12
z13-c13=(c11-c21+c23)-c13=6-8+2-5=-5
13
19
(3)
1
-5
2
8
5
-5
14
8
27
6
10
13
6
22
13
14
13
9
-7
12
19
13
z14-c14=(c11-c21+ c21 - c23 + c33 -c14)-c13=(6-8+2-10+6)-3=-7
(4)
1
-5
2
8
5
-5
14
8
-9
6
10
13
6
13
27
3
22
14
13
9
-7
12
z24-c24=(c23-c33+ c34)-c24=(2-10+6)-7=-9
13
19
(5)
1
-5
2
8
5
-5
4
-7
-9
6
10
27
+11
13
6
13
14
13
9
22
14
8
12
z31-c31=(c21-c23+ c33)-c31=(8-2+10)-5=+11
13
19
(6)
1
22
-9
6
10
14
27
+3
13
-7
7
13
9
+11
-5
2
8
5
-5
4
14
8
13
6
12
z32-c32=(c22-c23+ c33)-c32=(4-2+10)-9=+3
13
19
xijzij-cij(1)
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
10
6
v1
v2
u2
v4=0
v3
13
v4=0
u3
(2)
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
10
6
v1
v2
u3=6
u2
u3+v4=c34
v3
13
v4=0
u3=6
(3)
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
6
v1
v2
v3=4
u2
6
10
u3+v3=c33
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(4)
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
6
v1
v2
u2=-2
u2=-2
6
10
u2+v3=c23
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(5)
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
v2=6
v2=6
u2=-2
6
10
6
v1
u2+v2=c22
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(6)
1
6
1
3
u1
14
8
8
5
13
9
v1=10
v2=6
u2=-2
6
10
6
v1=10
u2+v1=c21
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(7)
1
6
1
3
u1=-4
14
8
8
5
13
9
u1=-4
v2=6
u2=-2
6
10
6
v1=10
u1+v1=c11
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(8)
1
6
1
8
5
4
3
u1=-4
-5
14
13
9
6
10
6
v1=10
v2=6
z12-c12=u1+v2-c12=(-4)+6-7=-5
u2=-2
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(9)
1
6
1
8
5
-5
14
3
3
-5
2
13
9
v2=6
z13-c13=u1+v3-c13=(-4)+4-5=-5
u2=-2
6
10
6
v1=10
u1=-4
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(10)
1
6
1
8
5
-5
14
3
3
-5
2
13
9
v2=6
z14-c14=u1+v4-c14=(-4)+0-3=-7
u2=-2
6
10
6
v1=10
-7
u1=-4
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(11)
1
6
1
8
5
-5
14
3
3
-5
2
13
9
v2=6
z24-c24=u2+v4-c24=(-2)+0-7=-9
-9
6
10
u2=-2
6
v1=10
-7
u1=-4
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(12)
1
6
1
8
5
-5
2
13
9
11
v1=10
-5
14
z31-c31=u3+v1-c31=6+10-5=11
-9
6
10
u2=-2
6
v2=6
-7
u1=-4
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
(13)
1
6
1
8
5
v1=10
-5
2
13
9
11
-5
14
v2=6
z32-c32=u3+v2-c32=6+6-9=+3
-9
6
10
+3
-7
u1=-4
u2=-2
6
v3=4
13
v4=0
u3=6
,
1
6
1
8
5
v1=10
-5
2
13
9
11
-5
14
v2=6
-9
6
10
+3
-7
u1=-4
u2=-2
6
v3=4
x31, min{x21,x33}=min{8,6}=6, x33
13
v4=0
u3=6
,,
1
22
27
-8
13
+2
12
10
+4
14
13
9
-5
2
2
5
-5
14
8
-11
12
13
13
x14, min{x11,x34}=min{14,13}=13, x34
19
,
1
22
27
-8
13
-2
12
10
19
13
14
13
9
-5
2
2
5
-5
1
8
-11
12
-4
19
13
zij-cij<0,
Min z=61+3 13+8 2+4 13+2 12+5 19=142
2
1
ij
i
4
3
j
2
Path
P={(1,2),(2,3),(3,4)}
4
3
Chain
C={(1,2),(3,2),(3,4)}
1
3
Circuit
2
1
={(1,2),(2,4),(4,1)}
(Cycle)
2
={(1,2),(2,4),(3,4),(1,3)}
4
3
(Tree)
5
4
2
1
5
4
m
m-1
5
4
2
5
4
m
m-1
4
3
2
1
2
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
//
4
3
//
2
4
b2=-2
c24=5
b4=3
4
c12=6
b1=5
b6=-5
c34=4
c46=1
c13=3
c56=4
3
b3=5
c35=2
5
b5=-6
cij
b2=-2
b4=3
x12=2
x46=3
b6=-5
b1=5
1
x13=3
x56=2
3
b3=5
x35=8
5
b5=-6
x24x34
b2=-2
2
c24=5
b4=3
4
c12=6
c46=1
b1=5
1
b6=-5
c34=4
c13=3
3
b3=5
c35=2
6
c56=4
5
b5=-6
x24z24-c24
b2=-2
c24=5
b4=3
4
c12=6
c46=1
b6=-5
b1=5
1
c13=3
c56=4
3
c35=2
5
b5=-6
b3=5
z24 -c24 =(-c46+c56+c35+c13-c12)-c24=(-1+4+2+3-6)-5=-3
x34z34 -c34
b2=-2
b4=3
c12=6
b1=5
b6=-5
c34=4
c46=1
c13=3
c56=4
3
c35=2
5
b5=-6
b3=5
z34 -c34 =(-c46+c56+c35)-c34=(-1+4+2)-4=+1x34
x34
b2=-2
b4=3
x12=2
b1=5
b6=-5
x34=0
x46=3
x13=3
x56=2
3
b3=5
x35=8
5
b5=-6
min{x56,x35}=min{2,8}=2, x56
x24x56
b2=-2
b4=3
x12=2
b1=5
b6=-5
x34=2
x13=3
3
b3=5
x35=6
x46=5
5
b5=-6
x24x56z24 -c24 z56-c56
b2=-2
c24=5
b4=3
4
c12=6
b1=5
b6=-5
c34=4
c46=1
c13=3
c56=4
3
b3=5
c35=2
5
b5=-6
z24 -c24 =(c34+c13-c12)-c24=(4+3-6)-5= -4
z56 -c56 =(c46+c34-c35)-c56=(1+4-2)-4= -1
b2=-2
b4=3
x12=2
b1=5
b6=-5
x34=2
x46=5
x13=3
3
b3=5
x35=6
5
b5=-6
min z=62+33+42+26+15=46
u25=6
2
u12=8
u42=2 u45=4
u23=3
u13=7
u57=9
u65=7
u34=4 u46=3
u67=8
6
u36=1
uijxij
1
20xij uij
1xij=uijij
1
uij=5
12
xij=5
2xij<uijij
1
uij=5
xij=3
12
12=u12-x12=5-3=2
3xij=0ji
uij=5
21
xij=0
xij>0ji
1
uij=5
xij=5
21
12=x12=5
xij=0
u=6
2
u=8
f=0
x=0
u=2
x=0
x=0
u=3 x=0
x=0
3
u=9
x=0
u=4
x=0
u=7 x=0
x=0
u=4
u=7
x=0
x=0
u=8
u=3
x=0
u=1
f=0
u=6
x=0
u=8
x=0
f=0
1
u=3
x=0
u=2
x=0
u=4
x=0
u=7
x=0
3
u=7
x=0
4
u=4
x=0
u=3
x=0
u=1
x=0
u=9
x=0
7
u=8
x=0
f=0
17
2
u=8
x=0
=8
f=0
u=6
x=0
u=2
x=0
u=3
x=0
=3
u=9
x=0
u=4
x=0
u=7
x=0
u=7
x=0
u=4
x=0
3
u=3
x=0
6
=1 u=1
x=0
= min{8,3,1,8}=1
xij=xij+
7
u=8
x=0
=8
f=0
f=1
u=6
2
x=0
u=2
u=4
u=8
x=1
f=1
x=0
x=0
x=0
u=7
3
u=9
x=0
x=0
u=3 x=1
u=7 x=0
x=0
u=4
x=1
u=3
x=1
u=1
7
u=8
f=1
17
u=6 =6
2
u=8
x=1
f=1
u=3
x=0
u=7
=7
x=0
u=2
x=0
x=1
=1
x=0
u=4
u=9
=9
x=0
u=4
x=0
u=7 x=0
x=0
x=1
u=3
x=1
7
u=8
u=1
=min {7,1,6,9}=1, xij=xij+1, f=f+1=2
f=1
u=6
2
u=8
f=2
x=1
u=2
x=0
x=1
u=3 x=0
x=1
3
u=9
u=4
x=1
x=0
u=7 x=0
x=0
x=0
u=4
u=7
x=1
u=3
x=1
u=1
7
u=8
f=2
17
u=6 =5
2
=7
u=8
f=2
x=1
u=2
x=0
x=1
u=3 x=0
x=1
3
u=9
u=4
x=1
x=0
u=7 x=0
x=0
x=0
u=4
u=7
x=1
u=3
x=1
=8
u=8
6
u=1
=min {7,5,8}=5, xij=xij+5, f=f+5=2+5=7
f=2
u=6
2
u=8
f=7
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
u=3 x=0
x=1
3
u=9
u=4
x=6
x=0
u=7 x=0
x=0
x=0
u=4
u=7
x=1
u=3
x=1
u=1
7
u=8
f=7
17
u=6
2
u=8
f=7
1
u=3 x=0
x=1
u=7
=6
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
5
u=9
=3
x=6
u=4
x=0
=4 u=7 x=0
x=0
x=0 =4
u=4
u=3
x=1
x=1
u=8
6
u=1
=min {6,7,4,3}=3, xij=xij+3,
f=f+3=7+3=10
f=7
u=6
2
u=8
f=10
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
u=3 x=0
x=4
x=3
u=7
3
5
u=9
u=4
x=9
x=3
u=7 x=0
x=0
u=4
x=1
u=3
x=1
u=1
7
u=8
f=10
17
u=6
2
u=8
f=10
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
u=3 x=0
x=4
=3
u=9
u=4
x=9
x=3
x=3
u=7
u=4
=1 x=1
f=10
u=7 x=0
=3
x=0
u=3
x=1
u=8
6
=7
u=1
=min {3,1,3,7}=1, xij=xij+1, f=f+1=10+1=11
u=6
2
u=8
f=11
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
u=3 x=0
x=5
x=4
u=7
3
5
u=9
u=4
x=9
x=3
u=7 x=0
x=1
u=4
x=2
u=3
x=1
u=1
7
u=8
171
123
f=11
u=6
2
u=8
f=11
x=6
u=2
x=0
x=6
u=3 x=0
x=5
x=4
u=7
3
u=9
u=4
x=9
x=3
u=7 x=0
x=1
u=4
x=2
u=3
x=1
7
u=8
u=1
f=112,53,43,5
u25+u34+u35=6+4+1=11
f=11
1
1
3
10
2
4
18
5
7
3
7
5
4
8
X={1}, w1=0
w1=0
2
1
1
3
10
w1=0
2
4
5
7
4
5
3
7
5
4
8
min {c12,c14,c16}=min {0+2,0+1,0+3}=min {2,1,3}=1
X={1,4}, w4=1
X={1,4}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
2
4
5
7
4
5
3
7
5
4
8
min {c12,c16,c42,c47}=min {0+2,0+3,1+10,1+2}=min {2,3,11,3}=2
X={1,2,4}, w2=2
X={1,2,4}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
2
4
5
7
4
5
3
7
5
4
8
w6=3
min {c13,c23,c25,c47}=min {0+3,2+6,2+5,1+2}=min {3,8,7,3}=3
X={1,2,4,6}, w6=3
X={1,2,4,6}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
2
4
w6=3
5
7
4
5
3
7
5
4
8
w7=3
min {c23,c25,c47,c67}=min {2+6,2+5,1+2,3+4}=min {8,7,3,7}=3
X={1,2,4,6,7}, w7=3
X={1,2,4,6,7}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
5
7
4
5
2
4
w6=3
w5=6
5
3
4
8
w7=3
min {c23,c25,c75,c78}=min {2+6,2+5,3+3,3+8}=min {8,7,6,11}=6
X={1,2,4,5,6,7}, w5=6
X={1,2,4,6,7}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
5
7
2
4
w6=3
4
5
w3=8
3
w5=6
5
3
4
8
w7=3
min {c23,c53,c58,c78}=min {2+6,6+9,6+4,3+8}=min {8,15,10,11}=8
X={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, w3=8
X={1,2,3,4,6,7}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
2
10
5
7
4
5
w3=8
2
4
w6=3
w5=6
w7=3
5
3
4
8
8
w8=10
min {c38,c58,c78}=min {8+6,6+4,3+7}=min {14,10,11}=10
X={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, w8=10
X={1,2,3,4,6,7,8}
w1=0
w2=2
2
1
1
3
w4=1
10
w6=3
5
7
2
4
4
5
w3=8
3
w5=6
w7=3
5
3
4
8
8
w8=10
110{14758}10
12
B1
2
14
C1
9
10
6
B2
10
E
5
8
12
11
AE
C2
4
13
B3
D1
C3
10
D2
12
B1
2
14
C1
9
10
6
B2
10
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
D1
10
D2
12
B1
2
14
C1
9
10
6
B2
10
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
f4(D1)=5
D2
10
f 4 ( D1 ) d( D1 E) f 5 ( E) 5 0 5
12
B1
2
14
C1
9
10
6
B2
10
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
f4(D1)=5
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f 4 ( D 2 ) d ( D 2 E) f 5 ( E) 2 0 2
f3(C1)=8
12
B1
2
14
C1
9
10
B2
10
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
f4(D1)=5
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
(C1 , D 1 ) f 4 ( D 1 )
f 3 (C1 ) min
(
C
,
D
)
f
(
D
)
1 2
4
2
3 5
8
min
min 8 C1 D1
9 2
11
f3(C1)=8
12
B1
2
14
10
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
(C 2 , D1 ) f 4 ( D1 )
f 3 (C 2 ) min
(
C
,
D
)
f
(
D
)
2 2
4
2
6 5
11
min
min 7 C 2 D 2
5 2
7
f3(C1)=8
12
B1
2
14
10
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
(C 3 , D1 ) f 4 ( D1 )
f 3 (C 3 ) min
(
C
,
D
)
f
(
D
)
4
2
3 2
85
13
min
min 12 C 3 D 2
10 2
12
f2(B1)=20
12
B1
2
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
B3
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
( B1 , C1 ) f 3 (C1 )
12 8
20
f 2 ( B1 ) min ( B1 , C 2 ) f 3 (C 2 ) min 14 7 min 21 20
( B , C ) f (C )
10 12
22
3
3
1 3
B1 C1
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
2
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
B3
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
( B 2 , C1 ) f 3 ( C1 )
68
14
f 2 ( B 2 ) min ( B 2 , C 2 ) f 3 (C 2 ) min 10 7 min 17 14
( B , C ) f (C )
4 12
16
3
3
2 3
B 2 C1
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
2
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
B3
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
( B 3 , C1 ) f 3 ( C1 )
13 8
21
f 2 ( B3 ) min ( B3 , C 2 ) f 3 (C 2 ) min 12 7 min 19 19
( B , C ) f (C )
11 12
23
3
3
3 3
B3 C 2
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
f1(A)=19
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
B3
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
( A, B1 ) f 2 ( B1 )
2 21
23
f 1 ( A) min ( A, B 2 ) f 2 ( B 2 ) min 5 14 min 19 19
( A, B ) f ( B )
1 19
20
3
2
3
A B 2
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
f1(A)=19
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
B3
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
A AB2 B2
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
f1(A)=19
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
A AB2 B2 B2C1 C1
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
f1(A)=19
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
A AB2 B2 B2C1 C1 C1D1 D1
f2(B1)=21
12
B1
f1(A)=19
f3(C1)=8
14
10
f2(B2)=14
f3(C2)=7
B2
C1
10
f2(B3)=19
f4(D1)=5
D1
11
C3
f5(E)=0
E
5
12
C2
4
13
B3
10
D2
f4(D2)=2
f3(C3)=12
A AB2 B2 B2C1 C1 C1D1 D1 D1E
AE19AB 2C1 D1 E
2
4ABC
15
13
11
28
29
30
40
43
45
51
55
58
x1
x2
x3
x4
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