Midterm Exam Wednesday 23rd October 11.10 12.

00
Please be seated by 11.00am sharp!

Quiz is: (1)

Closed book

(2) Covers material from beginning of lecture 1 to the end of lecture 13 (previous lecture!) (3) Worth 30% of total assessment

(4) A similar format to example quiz (will be available after pacing break).

Remember to bring a calculator and ruler but not cell phone. These will not be provided!
Chapter 7-

Dislocation Slip
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Why are dislocations observed primarily in metals and alloys?

How are strength and dislocation motion related?

How do we increase strength?

How can heating change strength and other properties?

Chapter 7- 1

Design or Safety Factors

Design uncertainties mean we do not push the limit. Factor of safety, N Often N is between y working 1.2 and 4 N Example: Using a safety factor of 5, calculate the diameter,
d, needed to ensure that yield does not occur in the 1045 carbon steel rod shown below.

working

y N

Chapter 7-

Plastic Deformation (Metals)

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

F
Plastic means permanent!
linear elastic
linear elastic

plastic

Chapter 7- 3

Analogy of Dislocation Motion

Chapter 7-

Simulation of Dislocation Motion

Produces plastic deformation Depends on

Chapter 7-

Line Defects : Edge Dislocations

Dislocation: some of atoms are misaligned Burgers vector

Half plane

Squeezed
Edge dislocation line

Pulled

Chapter 7-

Other Types of Dislocations

Screw
Mixed

Edge

Screw Dislocations

Mixed Dislocations

Chapter 7-

Dislocation Motion
A dislocation moves perpendicular to the dislocation line The slip direction is the same as the
Edge dislocation

Screw dislocation

Chapter 7-

Dislocations versus Materials Class

Metals: Disl. motion

electron cloud

ion cores

Covalent Ceramics (Si, diamond): Motion Ionic Ceramics (e.g. NaCl): Motion

Chapter 7- 2

Plastic Shear in Metals

Plastically deformed zinc single crystal.

The slip plane has

The slip direction has

Chapter 7- 3

Plastic Shear in Metals

Compression: pure Ni (fcc)

Uchic et al., Science 305 (2004), 986

Chapter 7-

Slip System in FCC Metals

Slip System
Slip plane Highest planar densities (and large interplanar spacings)

Slip directions Highest linear densities

Slip Plane - {111}

Slip Direction - <110>

FCC Slip occurs on planes (close-packed) in directions (close-packed) => total of For BCC & HCP there are other slip systems.

Chapter 7-

Common Slip Systems in Metals

BCC

FCC

HCP

Chapter 7-

Dislocations & Crystal Structure

Structure: close-packed planes & directions are preferred.
view onto two close-packed planes.

Comparison among crystal structures:

FCC/BCC: many close-packed planes/directions; HCP: only one plane, 3 directions;

Results of tensile testing.

tensile direction

Mg (HCP)

Al (FCC)
Chapter 7- 6

Stress and Dislocation Motion

Crystals slip due to Applied tensile stress can

slip plane normal, ns

ns A As

R cos cos

Chapter 7-

Critical Resolved Shear Stress

Condition for dislocation motion: R > CRSS
typically
10 -4 G to 10 -2 G

Slip plane orientation relative to tensile axis affects ease of dislocation motion

R cos cos

Chapter 7- 5

Dislocation Motion in Polycrystals

Slip planes & directions (, ) R will The crystal with the R yields first. Other (less favorably oriented) crystals yield later.

300 mm
Chapter 7-