BIO 111 BIOLOGY

Dr. Hitt 301 SEB

Properties of Life

Unity
All life has a common set of characteristics All life is related through evolution

Diversity
Environments have a diverse group of organisms

Biology today

The Decathlon of Science You need to know

Chemistry Physics Mathematics Engineering

33333333

Principles of Biology

Cells and organization

Smallest unit of life - the cell

Energy use and metabolism

Chemical reactions metabolism

Response to environmental changes

To survive organisms react to environment

Regulation and homeostasis

4

Growth and development

Growth = more or larger cells Development = organisms with defined characteristics like YOU

Genetic material
blue print for reproduction

Biological evolution
Results in traits that promote survival of the individual and offspring

Populations evolve over generations All Organisms related by evolutionary history

A bird on a cold night shivers to maintain its body temperature. What property of life does this example represent? a. Sensitivity b. Homeostasis c. Order of complexity d. Cellular organization e. Evolutionary adaptation
6

Biology is Organized

Life is highly ordered

Cell - lowest level where life can occur
Neuron

Tissue - groupings of one type of cell

Axon

Organ - groupings of different tissues

Brain

Structure determines function

Hammer vs. screwdriver teeth

New properties of life emerge from complex interactions Biology is an experimental science Biology affects our society
Medicine Agriculture Animals (dogs)
8

Biology is Organized, cont.

Organisms - groupings of organ systems
Oakland Students

Populations - groupings of organisms

People living in Michigan

Communities - groupings of populations

The Midwest

Ecosystem- groupings of communities

North America

Biosphere - all of the ecosystems

The Earth
9

The Cellular Basis of Life

Cells are the lowest level capable of performing ALL the activities of Life All Organisms are composed of Cells
Hooke - first described cells Schleiden and Schwann - cell theory
All living things consist of CELLS and Cells come from PRE-EXISTING Cells

10

The Cell

Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life

25 m 11
Figure 1.5

BUT Cells are made of Chemicals

Atoms
smallest unit electrons, protons, neutrons

Molecules
Made up of 2 or more atoms

Macromolecules
REALLY big molecules made up of MANY atoms
12

1 The biosphere

From the biosphere to organisms

Figure 1.3

13

Viruses are not considered living things because a. They are composed of proteins and nucleic acids b. They cannot reproduce without a host cell c. They are not capable of changing over time d. Viruses are considered very basic living organisms
14

Evolution - A Core Theme

History of relentless change over millenniums (~3.5-4 bya) Primitive cells evolved to give rise to species today Evolutionary history provides the context to understand the structure and function of an organism
15

What is Evolutionary History?

Each of us have a family history Each species has a family history

Like a tree extending backwards over time

Similar species share common ancestors All life is connected through DNA!!

16

Descent with modification

Evolutionary change involves modification of existing structures Over evolutionary timescale structures may be changed to serve new purposes
Legs dolphins flipper Legs bats wing This can happen at the molecular level too!
hemoglobin
17

18

The forelimbs of humans, dolphins and bats have different functions but all have a similar structural makeup. The forelimbs of these animals are examples of a. Evolutionary structures b. Analogous structures c. Homologous structures d. Vestigial structures
19

Evolution

Darwin - 1859 Origin of Species Species arise from a succession of ancestors through a process of descent with modification Modification is caused by Natural Selection

20

Observations

1. Individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits 2. Individuals have the potential to reproduce more offspring than the environment can possibly support 3. Those individuals with traits best suited to any specific environment will leave more progeny than less suited individuals
21

Natural Selection

Results in exquisite adaptations to an environment AMPLIFIES variations that arise randomly Does NOT create adaptations Adaptation by Natural Selection is an EDITING process, and is all that is needed for evolution to occur
22

Orchids

Related structures
Descent with modification

Figure 1.19 23

Evolutionary Change Vertical Descent with Modification

New species evolve from pre-existing species Beneficial mutations are kept in the population

24

Vertical Descent with Modification

25

Evolutionary change through Horizontal Gene Transfer

Exchange of genetic material (DNA) between DIFFERENT species Not terribly common Example
Antibiotic resistance genes between different bacteria species
MRSA

26

27

Tree/Web of Life

28

Unity in Diversity

Diversity is the hallmark of life - >1.5 million species How can we deal with these kinds of numbers???
Taxonomy - formal classification scheme
3 Domains Bacteria unicellular prokaryote Archaea unicellular prokaryote Eucarya unicellular to multicellular eukaryotes
4 kingdoms Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
29

(a) Domain Bacteria: Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on Earth.

(b) Domain Archaea: Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments, such as hot springs.

Protists: Unicellular and small multicellular organisms that are now subdivided into seven broad groups based on their evolutionary relationships.

Plants: Multicellular organisms that can carry out photosynthesis.

Fungi: Unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a cell wall but cannot carry out photosynthesis. Fungi usually survive on decaying organic material.

Animals: Multicellular organisms that usually have a nervous system and are capable of locomotion. They must eat other organisms or the products of other organisms to live.

(c) Domain Eukarya: Unicellular and multicellular organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions.

30

Which of the following would be an example of horizontal evolution?

a. Genes being passed from mother to fetus b. Bacteria acquiring resistant genes from the environment c. Fitter individuals passing on their genes to offspring d. All of the above are vertical

31

How are organisms grouped?

Species placed into smaller and smaller groups evolutionarily related Based on unity and diversity of different species Clownfish example

32

Taxonomic group

Clown anemonefish is found in

Approximate time when the common ancestor for this group arose

Approximate number of modern species in this group

Examples

Domain

Eukarya

2,000 mya

> 5,000,000

Kingdom

Animalia

600 mya

> 1,000,000

Phylum

Chordata

525 mya

50,000

Class

Actinopterygii

420 mya

30,000

Order

Perciformes

80 mya

7,000

Family

Pomacentridae

~ 40 mya

360

Genus

Amphiprion

~ 9 mya

28

Species

ocellaris

> 3 mya

33

Genomes and Proteomes

Genome
Complete genetic makeup (DNA) of organism

Compare DNA from different organisms to determine how related they are Genomics
Techniques used to analyze genomes (DNA)

34

Genomes and Proteomes cont.

Proteomes
ALL of the proteins that a cell or organism makes

The genome carries the information to make its proteome Proteomics

Techniques used to analyze the proteome (proteins) of a species and comparison between species 35

A group of similar individuals that can interbreed would be considered a(n) a. Biological community b. Species c. Organism d. Ecosystem
36

Whats the big deal?

Every organism has a genome and a proteome Comparison of genomes and proteomes
King Richard III mitochondrial DNA

Relatedness of ALL organsims

37

Gene (a) The genome

Cytoplasm

Chromosome

DNA

Sets of chromosomes

Nucleus

Extracellular fluid (b) The proteome

38

Why does this Jelly fish glow???

Jelly fish (Aequorea victoria) glows green Green Fluorescent protein (GFP) GFP gene is in coded in genome (DNA) GFP only in proteome of cells that glow
39

Biology as a Science

Observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena The scientific method is used to test theories Also scientists gather information
Fact-finding mission Discovery science
40

There are many levels of Biological Inquiry

41

More levels of investigation

Depending on the tools available, biologists will ask different questions

42

Biologists use different forms of inquiry

At the heart of science is curiosity

A search for information and explanations, often focusing on specific questions

Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry

Discovery science Hypothesis-based science
43

Discovery science
Collection and analysis of data
No preconceived hypothesis

Gather information
Testing chemicals against pathogens Sequencing genomes and proteomes

Often leads to hypothesis testing

44

Hypothesis Science

In science, inquiry that asks specific questions

Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses

In science, a hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial Makes predictions that can be tested May support or reject a hypothesis but never really proven
45

In contrast a Theory

Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence Allows us to make many predictions Can never be proved true Must be
Consistent with vast amount of data Able to make correct predictions
Gravity Evolution
46

In science a hypotheses can be proven true. a. This is true b. This is false

47

Cystic Fibrosis

1 in 3500 Americans
Thick sticky mucus blocks lungs and pancreas Average lifespan ~ mid to late 30s

1945 Dorothy Anderson - genetic disorder Discovery based sciences - CF gene 1989 research groups of Lap-Chi Tsui, Francis Collins, and John Riordan found the gene
48

CF Gene and Hypothesis

Researchers hypothesized
CF gene encodes a protein that transports chloride ions across the plasma membrane

Experiments tested normal cells and cells from CF patients for ability to transport chloride ions
CF cells were defective Adding a normal CF gene into the cells in the lab corrected the defect

49

50

Hypothesis that CF gene encodes the protein that transports chloride across the plasma membrane fit data Mutation in this gene results in a salt imbalance The salt imbalance affects water levels outside the cell thick, sticky mucus
51

Hypothesis testing in CF example

Provided way to accept or reject idea Specific genetic change appears to cause CF
Hypothesis is accepted

52

More on Hypothesis Science

A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities

It must be testable It must be falsifiable

A hypothesis is never really proven

We may not have found a true explanation for a phenomenon
53