Network Protocols

Objectives

At the completion of this lecture you should be able to:

explain what protocols are describe the basics of a packet switched network differentiate between IP, TCP and D ! use the "TP protocol use the Telnet protocol #nderstand the historical nature $opher protocol explain the difference between %%%, "TP, Telnet and &TTP

What is a protocol?

Protocol in general

' an acceptable way of beha(in)* ' dri(in) on the left hand side of the road ' how to participate in a tutorial discussion* Protocols are critical and there must be a)reement on them*

A network protocol

Is the set of (ery detailed rules, se+uences, messa)e formats, and procedures that computer systems use and understand when exchan)in) data with each other

Examples of Protocols

"ile Transfer Protocol ,"TPTelnet &ypertext Transfer Protocol ,&TTP!imple .ail Transfer Protocol ,!.TP$opher %%% ,%orld %ide %eb-

Packet Switched Network

Network a collection of connected computers A switched network computers connected via multiple links - data is switched from one machine to the next until it reaches its destination. Packet witched Network !P N" messa)e is broken into chunks called packets packets sent ' but not necessarily (ia the same route*

TCP/ P

#ransmission $ontrol Protocol%&nternet Protocol !#$P%&P"

A/PA 0T was con(erted to use TCP1IP which allowed the formation of the Internet It is a )roup of protocols that allows networked computers to communicate with each other It doesn2t matter whether: they are part of the same network or are attached to separate networks* one computer is a mainframe and the other a .acintosh* TCP1IP is a platform'independent standard that brid)es the )ap between dissimilar computers, operatin) systems, and networks

!ore o" TCP/ P

!o TCP1IP allows two computers to exchan)e data* This is achie(ed as follows: %hen two or more networks are in(ol(ed they are physically connected by de(ices called IP routers* A router is a computer that transfers packets of data from one network to another* TCP1IP software makes e(erythin) seem like one bi) network* That is, TCP1IP has the affect of allowin) two separate networks to communicate as thou)h they were part of the same physical network*

'hat is the famil( of #$P%&P protocols)

!ome of the common TCP1IP application protocols include : "ile Transfer Protocol ,"TP-, Telnet, Domain ame !ystem ,D !-, !imple .ail Transfer Protocol ,!.TP-, .ultipurpose Internet .ail 0xtensions ,.I.0-, 3 %indow !ystem, Dynamic &ost Confi)uration Protocol ,D&CP-*

* +*' ,*- #$P%&P '*./)

#irstl$ the "ter"et Protocol % P&

Allows for data to be sent o(er the Internet occurs in packets contains from 0 - 0122 3(tes of data each packet is )i(en a destination &P address4
An IP address is an uni+ue identifier for a particular computer on the Internet The addresses include four eight-3it octets, which are often written in decimal format for simplicity* To illustrate this, it is easy to see that the followin) address 45555444*45455454*55455544*44445555 is more easily written and understood as 467*487*67*9:5

!ore o" P
It is a connectionless protocol meanin) that all packets are sent on a ;best effort; basis* There is no )uarantee that the packets will )et to the destination in the order they that were sent, or e(en at all*

#herefore the pro3lems are

packets may )et lost packets may arri(e out of se+uence the messa)e may be lon)er than 4755 bytes

Answer .
Another protocol <*

The seco"d protocol' Tra"smissio" Co"trol Protocol %TCP&

ensures a sent messa)e is sent without any loss of data or any mix up of the order of the data will re+uest re'transmission of lost or dama)ed packets* +ow does it do this) a lon) messa)e is broken up into many IP packets each packet ha(e a number allocated to it there is error checkin) dama)ed or missed packets may be asked for a)ain

,omain Name

(stem

0(ery computer on the internet has a uni+ue address ,like a uni+ue phone number- called an IP address 46=*88*497*7 ' such numbers are difficult to remember ,omain Naming ervice !,N ", an Internet protocol and distributed database, pro(ides more 0n)lish like names for IP addresses* D ! names are easy to understand, for example: www*microsoft*com e+uates to 4>?*457*969*8

(NS ) Who co"trols it?

Translatin) the name into the IP address is called @resolving the domain nameA* &$ANN is the )lobal non'profit, pri(ate sector body responsible for ensurin) the operability of D !* It o(erseas the distribution of uni+ue IP addresses* !o how does D ! work when you enter a domain name into your browserB D ! ' di(ides each IP address into top'le(el domains, sub'domains, sub'sub'domains etc C a bit like a hierarchical type dia)ram*

+ow does ,N

work)

At the heart of D ! are 46 special computers distributed around the world containin) the same information C these are called root servers C maintained by ICA * These root ser(ers contain the IP addresses of all the #op 5evel ,omains ,TDD- re)istries* A TDD re)istry contains all the information about e(ery top le(el domain namesE for example, *edu*au, *or), *com*uk etc are examples of TDD* There are also thousands of other computers scattered around the world C typically located with I!Ps or other network suppliers Ccalled ,omain Name .esolvers* They are used to resol(e the remainin) parts of the domain name*

.esolving a domain name ..

!o < you enter a #/D ,e*)* www.csu.edu.au This re+uest is sent to a local resol(er ,e*)* at t)p*com*au This local resol(er splits the re+uest and knows where to find the edu*au re)ister and therefore sends the whole #/D to one of the 46 root ser(ers* The re)ister responds with the IP address for csu*edu*au Then the local resol(er +ueries the csu*edu*au re)ister to find the final IP address for www*csu*edu*au

.oot server

0D#

CF.

F/$

$FG

C!#

A #

.F A!&

C!#!AP

tructure of &nternet host names

-xample 4 http4%%loren6.mur.csu.edu.au The process is to read backwards: au H Australia edu ' educational institution csu ' name of the institution mur ' a physical location indication .urray lorenI ' actual machine name

Naming $onventions for ,N

As you are aware D ! is made up of a se+uence

of labels separated by periods ,@*A-* Also note: 0ach label has a maximum of 86 characters Total name can only be 977 characters*

The or)anisation that owns a domain name is responsible for its local D ! ser(er C it pro(ides the mappin) between the hostname and the IP

Allocation of ,N

In Australia this is administered by AP IC C Asia Pacific etwork Information Center It is one of four /e)ional Internet /e)istries in the world Is char)ed with ensurin) the fair distribution and responsible mana)ement of IP addresses 0xecuti(e of se(en members to o(ersea its operations with 89 countries across the re)ion* http:11www*apnic*net

#op level domain names

0xamples of these include: edu, com, )o(, net, or), mil 5atest top level domain names !introduced in 7222"4 JiI C business Info C for all users Coop C cooperati(es Aero C air'transport industry .useum C museums ame C for indi(iduals C launched Kanuary 955: Pro ' professionals

*+les for allocati", seco"d level domai" "ames

.ust be a distinct name ,e*)* csu Cannot be a place Is not a )eneric product e*)* piIIa, car, restaurant etc* Is not a )eneric name describin) an or)anisation or an industry e*)* bank, pharmacy, tennis etc*

So how do re,ister a domai" "ame?

Domain names endin) in *aero, *biI, *com, *coop, *info, *museum, *name, *or) or *pro are re)istered throu)h @re)istrarsA C refer to http4%%www.internic.net%regist.html once re)istered your details are sent to other computers with your specific details

%hat is "ile Transfer Protocol ,"TP-

protocol that allows for the transfer of files across the Internet* both computers need to run "TP ' one acts as a server ,remote-, the other as a client ,local-* mainly shareware type of files* usually stored in 8&P format or self'extractin) -9 disad(anta)e must know the name of the file you are after

+ow can & :#P)

teps to :#P4
0. log on to machine e.g. to csusap 7. $onnect to a another remote machine 3( either4 a. anon(mous :#P ' (ery common ' but can only access files in the pub directory*
lo)in name anon(mous password Lyour email addressM e*)* NatkinsonOcsu*edu*au

Anonymous "TP allows users to enter public data archi(es and download file

-ow ca" #TP?

b* log in as (ourself ' this re+uires you to ha(e an account on that machine i*e* username and password* This is what you do on C!#!AP Typically these machines are # I3 boxes

Pictorial expla"atio" of #TP

,et file0/txt Computer B file2.txt p+t file./txt $omputer ; has esta3lished an :#P session with $omputer A and issues the get and put statement

Computer A file1.txt

;oth $omputer A and $omputer ; have :#P running

#TP

;asic commands with :#Ping

ftpMopen csusap*csu*edu*au ' establishes "TP session ftpMls -l C ,Dist Don)- e+ui(alent to dir on the remote machine ftpMcd <* $hanges to a new director( on the remote machine ftpM<uit !or perhaps exit" ' terminates an "TP session

Which FTP program do I use?

A number are a(ailable: '&N=># ' traditionally used on %indows 6*4 ?nix ftp ' acti(ated throu)h !tart, /un, ftp $ute:#P ' excellent, windows based, easy to use ' -:#P ' an "AP exists for it on the ITC497 site #ucows ' excellent repository for "TP pro)rams: ,www*tucows*com 'e3 3rowser ' e*)* etscape10xplorer to retrie(e files

Another practical example of how to use %!'"TP

#TP 1 s+mmar$

The "TP protocol is responsible for allowin) the transfer of files from one computer to another ,and (ice (ersa-* To do this: The "TP pro)ram must be runnin) on both connectin) machines* Qou need to lo)in to the remote machine to establish the formal link to allow transfer to occur* There are two types of "TP connection : anonymous ,where you connect to a public transfer area- and personal ,where you lo)in to your "TP space-* Qou can upload and1or download files to the connection machine

What is the Tel"et protocol

Telnet is a protocol that allows for one machine to RconnectS to another computer on the Internet* Jasically one computer utilisin) the resources on another computer C local machine a dumb terminal is still based on TCP1IP some :5 .e<uest for $omments ,/"Cs- specify the nature of the Telnet protocol

'h( have a telnet session)

a local machine can access remote computer hardware reduces or)anisations hardware costs still used to connect to library ser(ers*

TC0.2 The Tel"et "formatio" protocol S+per -i,hwa$

Computer A
program S program

Computer B

3oth Comp+ter 4 a"d Comp+ter 3 have tel"et r+""i",

Comp+ter 3 has established a tel"et sessio" with Comp+ter 4 a"d ca" "ow access the pro,rams a"d reso+rces o" Comp+ter 4

+istorical information interest onl( .

@opher ' only de(elop in 4>>9

' returns a series of menus ,which you search throu)h- ' these point to other menus ' $opher will )o and locate the information for you ' no lon)er popular because of the %%%*

'ide Area &nformation

ervice !'A& "

' basically an indexin) tool for information on your ser(er

'''

'orld 'ide 'e3 !'''"

a protocol that uses hypertext links accessed by usin) a browser #niform /esource Docator ,#/D- ' a specific address to a particular resource* protocol4%%host%director(%resource -xamples http4%%csu.edu.au%images%csu.gif ftp4%%ftp.monash.edu.au%pu3%winA1%update.txt telnet4%%csusap.csu.edu.au news4aus4computing

*ther 'e3 3ased protocols - +##P

2&yperText Transfer Protocol2 is the primary protocol of the %orld %ide %eb ,%%% %hen a %eb browser connects to a %eb ser(er, it uses &TTP to re+uest %eb pa)es A %eb browser is an Internet client application, and the %eb ser(er is an Internet server application &TTP has the ability to transfer %eb pa)es, )raphics, and any other type of media that is used on the %eb*

Please note ..

0xtensible &yperText .arkup Dan)ua)e ,3&T.D- is not an Internet protocol It is a means to format of %eb pa)es It consists of a set of ta)s and internal commands that are embedded inside %eb pa)es to control the appearance and layout of %eb pa)es, as well as links to other %eb pa)es