ADOLESCENCE

Submitted by: Janossa G.Golez Shaira D. Malaluan SittieAinah L. Carim Ma.Geralden O. Raytana Michael Angelo Sea

Submitted to: Adelfa Candida V. Villaluz MN

Adolescence
Period between 13 and 18 or 20 years,

Between childhood and young adulthood. It can be

divided into an early period (13 to 14 years), a middle period (15 to 16 years), and a late period (17 to 20 years). Drastic change in physical appearance and the change in expectations of others (especially parents) that occur during the period.

Physical Growth
The major milestones of development occurs at 9

to 12 years of age, and decline at 16 to 20 years. At first physical growth is mostly in weight Later comes the thin, gangly appearance of late adolescence. Growth stops with closure of the epiphyseal lines of long bones. This occurs at about 16 or 17 years of age in females and about 18 to 20 years of age in males.

Physical Growth
The increase in body size does not occur in all organ

systems at the same rate. Adolescents skeletal system grows faster than muscles, and muscle mass increases more rapidly than heart size. Extremities elongate first, followed by trunk growth. Both sexes may lack coordination during these times. Because the heart and lungs increase in size more slowly than the rest of the body, blood flow and oxygen availability are reduced. With adulthood, blood pressure becomes lightly higher in males than females because more force is necessary to distribute blood to the larger male body mass.

TEETH
Adolescents gain their second molars at about 13

years of age and their third molars (wisdom teeth) between 18 and 21 years of age. Third molars may erupt as early as 14 to 15 years of age. The jaw reaches adult size only toward the end of adolescence, Adolescents whose third molars erupt before the lengthening of the jaw is complete may experience pain and may need these molars extracted because they do not fit their jawline (Mettes et al., 2009).

Care of Teeth
Adolescents are generally very conscientious about

tooth brushing because of a fear of developing bad breath. They should continue to use a fluoride paste rather than a brand advertised as providing white teeth. They should continue to drink fluoridated water to ensure firm enamel growth (Armfield & Spencer, 2007). They tend to snack a great deal, so their teeth are always exposed to bacterial erosion, and so some may develop cavities for the first time during this period

Puberty
Puberty is the time at which an individual first

becomes capable of sexual reproduction. A girl has entered puberty when she begins to menstruate. A boy enters puberty when he begins to produce spermatozoa. These events usually occur between ages 11 and 14 years.

Puberty
There is such a strong adolescent subculture today

parents may feel from the minute their child enters the teenage years that they will have difficulty guiding their child or understanding teenage values, as though entering this period locks their adolescent into a shell or pulls down a curtain between child and parents.

Secondary Sex Changes

Secondary sex characteristics such as body hair

configuration and breast growth are those characteristics which distinguish the sexes from each other but play no direct part in reproduction. The secondary sex characteristics that began in the late school-age period continue to develop during adolescence.

Emotional Development
Developmental Task: Identity Versus Role Confusion

According to Erikson (1993), the developmental task

in early and mid-adolescence is to form a sense of identity or decide who they are and what kind of person they will be. In late adolescence, the task is to form a sense of intimacy or form close relationships with persons of the opposite as well as the same sex.

Emotional Development
It is the concentration on these two tasks that leads

to typical adolescent behavior. The four main areas in which adolescents must make gains to achieve a sense of identity are: 1. Accepting their changed body image 2. Establishing a value system or what kind of person they want to be 3. Making a career decision 4. Becoming emancipated from their parents

Emotional Development
If young people do not achieve a sense of identity,

they develop a sense of role confusion or can have little idea what kind of person they are (Erikson, 1993). This can lead to their having difficulty functioning effectively as adults, because they are unable, for example, to decide what stand to take on a particular issue or how to approach new challenges or situations.

Body Image
Adolescents who developed a strong sense of

industry during their school-age years have learned to solve problems and are best equipped to adjust to their new body image. Adolescents are usually their own worst critics, never pleased with any aspect of their bodies. Those with low self-esteem may need parental or health care provider support to understand that a persons worth is based on more thanphysical appearance.

Body Image
Self-Esteem. Like body image, self-esteem may

undergo major changes during the adolescent years and can be challenged by all the changes that occur during adolescence, including: Changes in ones body and physiologic functioning Changes in feelings and emotional focus Changes in social relationships (including relationships with both family and friends) Changes in family and school expectations

Body Image
In early adolescence, girls tend to band together with girls

and boys with boys. They dress identically with other members of their group: jeans and sweatshirts, special jackets, or whatever the fashion may be. On the surface, this makes adolescents appear to be losing their identities rather than finding them. Adolescents who are different for any reason such as overweight or from a different socioeconomic, racial, or cultural background often are excluded from groups in the same way they were from clubs as 9-year-olds. This behavior may seem immature, but, like banding together, it is a necessary way for adolescents to establish a sense of identity.

Adolescents have a need to interact with peers to learn more about themselves and others.

Sense of Intimacy
Sense of Intimacy. Once adolescents have

achieved a sense of identity in early or midadolescence, they are ready to work on a second developmental task, that of achieving a sense of intimacy (Erikson, 1993). The ability to form intimate relationships is strongly correlated with the sense of trust, the first developmental task in infancy.

Sense of Intimacy
Helping adolescents to appreciate that it is not fair to

exclude others on the basis of superficial characteristics helps them move more quickly through this stage. Some parents may be concerned about an early adolescents lack of interest in the opposite sex. Occasionally, they worry about an intensely close girlgirl or boyboy relationship. You can assure parents that adolescents must feel secure and pleased with their own sex before they can relate comfortably to the opposite sex.

Socialization
Early teenagers may feel more self-doubt than self-

confidence. They want to look grown up, but they still look like children. The voices of most boys have not yet dependably deepened; this makes them unable to trust their voices to carry the serious tone they wish to convey. Most girls bodies have not yet fully developed; they may look at themselves in a mirror and compare their profiles with those of models in popular magazines and feel inadequate. Adolescents invariably feel a sense of pressure throughout this period because they are mature in some respects but still young in others.

Socialization
Most adolescents spend a great deal of time just

talking with peers as social interaction. It is a major way to learn about the world. Fifteen-year-old children may spend a great deal of time in their room. Beginning at age 16, most adolescents want part-time jobs They learn they are strong and capable enough not only to take care of themselves but also to help less fortunate people in their community. Adolescents do well organizing and supervising swimming or gym programs for physically challenged children, cooking and delivering food.

Socialization
Adolescents are acutely aware of what their peers are

wearing. When adolescents cannot trust or are disappointed in their bodies, it is very reassuring to be dressed exactly like everyone else. When they first begin to work, many adolescents spend their first paychecks entirely on clothing. This seems inappropriate to many parents; they want their child to learn to spend money on more lasting items or to show an interest in saving. Adolescents may have to mature fully, however, before they discover their real person shows through their clothing.

 Adolescents watch adults carefully during this

period, They usually have a heroa film star, writer, scientist, doctor, or athletewhom they want to grow up to be like. Fourteen-year-olds often form a friendship with an older adolescent of the same sex, trying to imitate that person in everything from thoughts to clothing. Idolization of famous people or older adolescents fades as adolescents become more interested in forming reciprocal friendships.

Although love can be fleeting, adolescents feel intensely for another.

Cognitive Development
The final stage of cognitive development, the stage of formal

operational thought, begins at age 12 or 13 years and grows in depth over the adolescent years (Piaget, 1969). This step involves the ability to think in abstract terms and use the scientific method to arrive at conclusions. Problem solving in any situation depends on the ability to think abstractly and logically. With the ability to use scientific reasoning, adolescents can plan their future. They can create a hypothesis and think through the probable consequences. Thinking abstractly is what allows adolescents to project themselves into the minds of others and imagine how others view them or their actions.

Moral and Spiritual Development

Because adolescents enlarge their thought processes to

include formal reasoning, they are able to respond to the question, rather than with the immature response of the school-age child. Some adolescents, however, may have difficulty envisioning a department store or a large corporation as capable of suffering economic loss from stealing, a concept that can contribute to the frequent practice of petty shoplifting at this age. Almost all adolescents question the existence of God and any religious practices they have been taught (Kohlberg, 1984). This questioning is a natural part of forming a sense of identity and establishing a value system

Value System
Adolescents develop values through talking to peers.

They also need an attentive adult ear, someone who

will listen to their fears, hopes, dreams, and the pressure they feel to be somebody, the pressure of wanting to do something and yet not knowing what or how.

Promoting Nutritional Health for an Adolescent

Adolescents are experiencing so much growth they

may always feel hungry. If adolescents eating habits are unsupervised, they tend to eat faddish or quick snack foods rather than more nutritionally sound ones because of both nutrients for growth. For example, many adolescents omit breads and cereals entirely to lose weight rather than just reducing the amounts they consume. Diets such as these may be deficient in thiamine and riboflavin.

Adolescents experience rapid physical growth, so typically, they are always hungry. ( Billy Barnes/Stock Boston.)

Sleep
Although it is widely believed that everyone needs 8 hours of

sleep a night, some need more and others can adjust to considerably less. Because protein synthesis occurs most readily during sleep and adolescents are building so many new cells, adolescents may need proportionately more sleep than any other age group. In addition, because this is a stress period similar to first grade, adolescents may sleep restlessly as their mind reworks the days tensions; even long periods of sleep, therefore, may not leave them feeling refreshed (Brand et al., 2007). Many adolescents attempt to get by with too little sleep, because they are constantly busy and because staying up late is a symbol of the adult status they long for.

Exercise
Just as with younger children, adolescents need exercise

every day both to maintain muscle tone and to provide an outlet for tension. Unlike younger children, although they are constantly on the go. They have put in a full day from 7 in the morning until 11 at night, yet they have had little exercise compared with the amount they used to get when they came home from school and played tag or hide-and-seek for several hours before dinner. Because of this, adolescents who have had an injury and must learn an activity such as crutch walking need to do muscle-strengthening exercises at first, just as adults must.

Play or Recreation
Thirteen-year-old children change from school-age

activities of active games to more adult forms of recreation such as listening to music, chatting on computers, or following a sports teams wins and losses. Team (or school) loyalty is intense, and following a coachs instructions becomes mandatory. Young adolescents who do not have the physical ability to compete successfully in sports do their best to avoid these activities. Urge parents to encourage youngsters to play sports for their own health and well-being and the companionship. Overuse injuries from athletics occur in early adolescence until adolescents learn more about their limits and begin to respect the advice of adults.

 Glycogen loading is a procedure used to ensure there is adequate glycogen to sustain energy through an athletic event. Several days before a sports event, athletes lower their carbohydrate intake and exercise heavily to deplete muscle glycogen stores. They then switch

to a diet high in carbohydrate. With the renewed carbohydrate

intake, muscle glycogen is stored at approximately twice the usual level, ready to supply twice the glucose for sustained energy.