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BACKGROUND
Television was developed prior to World War II monochrome television Color television began to come on the market about 1960 The next step in television evolvement was high-definition television (HDTV), and 1998 is considered to be the year when HDTV was launched
OBJECTIVES
provide the reader with a clear understanding of how TV works describe how television is transmitted and distributed over long distances provide an overview of digital television, and we cover several generic methods of digitizing original analog television signals
A video transmission system must deal with four factors when transmitting images of moving objects: 1. Perception of the distribution of luminance or simply the distribution of light and shade 2. Perception of depth or a three-dimensional perspective 3. Perception of motion relating to the first two factors above 4. Perception of color (hues and tints) Monochrome TV deals with the first three factors. Color TV includes all four factors.
Scanning process from TV camera to receiver display. National Television Systems Committee (US) (NTSC) practice divides an image into 525 horizontal scanning lines The aspect ratio used almost universally is 4:3 and an image divided into 525 (491) vertical elements would then have 700 (652) horizontal elements rate of display is called the frame rate 60 frames per second. In Europe it is 50 frames per second
Following North American practice, some other important parameters 1. A field period is 1/60 sec. This is the time required to scan a full picture on every horizontal line. 2. The second scan covers the lines not scanned on the first period, offset one-half horizontal line. 3. Thus 1/30 sec is required to scan all lines on a complete picture. 4. The transmit time of exploring and reproducing scanning elements or spots along each scanning line is 115,750 sec (525 lines in 1/30 sec) = 63.5 sec.
Color Transmission NTSC National Television System Committee (North America, Japan, and many Latin American countries) SECAM Sequential color and memory (Europe) PAL Phase alternation line (Europe)
RF amplitude characteristics of TV picture transmission, NTSC/US practice. Field strength at points A do not exceed 20 dB below the picture carrier. Drawing not to scale.
DIGITAL TELEVISION
Basic Digital Television there are four components that make up a color video signal. These are R for red, G for green, B for blue, and Y for luminance. The output signals of a TV camera are converted by a linear matrix into luminance (Y) and two color difference signals R-Y and B-Y. sampling rate is based on the color subcarrier frequency called fsc. For NTSC television the color subcarrier is at 3.58 MHz. In some cases the sampling rate is three times this frequency (3fsc) or (4fsc). For PAL television, the color subcarrier is 4.43 MHz. Based on 8-bit PCM words, the bit rates are 3 3.58 106 8 = 85.92 Mbps and 4 3.58 106 8 = 114.56 Mbps. In the case of PAL transmission system using 4fsc, the uncompressed bit rate for the video is 4 4.43 106 8 = 141.76 Mbps.
Mengapa Digital?
Exactness
Reproduksi sempurna tanpa degradasi Duplikasi sempurna dari hasil pemrosesan
Aplikasi-Aplikasi lain
Visual mosaicing & virtual views Error concealment & resilience pd transmisi video
Dg kompresi JPEG
Hanya 89 Kbytes Rasio kompresi 16 : 1
Teknik-Teknik Pemrosesan
Image compression, image restoration dan image reconstruction Statistical image processing techniques
Komunikasi (comunications)
Aplikasi Utama
Perkembangan: 1990-an
Standard JPEG dan MPEG Digital still cameras Digital TV broadcasting Digital video/versatile disk (DVD) Integrasi komputer dan video World Wide Web Internet video streaming
Setiap perkembangan baru tergantung pada kompresi yang efisien dari citra dan video
Spesifikasi Amplituda:
8 bit utk tiap komponen warna, atau 24 bit total utk tiap pixel Total 16 juta warna
Konversi antara primary dan XYZ/YIQ/YUV juga linier Formula konversi diantara banyak color coordinates dp dilihat di [Gonzales1992]
Primary Color
1. Source coding and compression Refers to bit rate reduction methods (data compression), which are appropriate for the video, audio, and ancillary digital data bit streams 2. Service multiplex and transport Refers to dividing the bit stream into packets of information, the unique identification of each packet or packet type, and appropriate methods of multiplexing video bit stream packets, audio bit stream packets, and ancillary data bit stream packets into a single data stream.
3. RF/transmission subsystem Deals with channel coding and modulation.
Block diagram of the digital terrestrial television broadcasting model ( ATSC system )
Video Compression.
Lossless Compression
Meminimalkan jumlah bit yg diperlukan utk merepresentasikan citra digital original tanpa ada informasi yang hilang (loss) Semua B bit dari tiap sampel harus direkonstruksi secara sempurna Faktor kompresi yg dp dicapai biasanya terbatas Aplikasi Binary images (facsimile) Medical images Master copy sebelum editing
Lossy Compression
Sejumlah deviasi citra terkompresi dari original (distorsi) dp diterima (acceptable)
Persepsi sistem visual manusia mungkin tdk dapat mendeteksi loss atau bisa mentolelir Input digital ke algoritma kompresi adalah representasi tdk sempurna dari real-world scene
Faktor kompresi lebih tinggi daripada kompresi lossless Kompresi lossy luas digunakan utk citra natural (mis. JPEG) dan motion video (mis. MPEG)
Keuntungan:
Kalkulasi mudah Secara matematis mudah dipahami dlm masalah optimisasi Baik utk perbandingan macam-macam algoritma
Kerugian
Mengabaikan properties dari human vision
Ukuran Kompresi
Citra direpresentasikan oleh bit stream c dg panjang ||c|| Bandingkan jumlah bit dengan dan tanpa kompresi
Alternatif lain
Utk lossy compression, bit rate lebih berarti drpd rasio kompresi, krn B kadang sembarang
CONFERENCE TELEVISION
Video conferencing (conference television) systems have seen phenomenal growth since 1990. Many of the worlds corporations have branches and subsidiaries that are widely dispersed. to make video conferencing cost effective :
- Video compression techniques - Eroding cost of digital processing - Arrival of the all-digital network One of the compression schemes widely used for video conference systems is basedon ITU-T Rec. H.261 (Ref. 20), entitled Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at pX64 kbps
The pX64 codec has been designed for use with some of the common ISDN data rates, specifically the B channel (64 kbps), H0 channel (384 kbps), and H11/H12 channels (1.536/1.920 Mbps) for the equivalent DS1/E1 data rates.
Source Coder.
Source Coding Algorithm. Compression is based on interpicture prediction to utilize temporal redundancy, and transform coding of the remaining signal to reduce spatial redundancy