Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Introduction
Procedure Results: Comparison of different cases
Conclusion
References
Objective
To analyze the flow around different airfoils with varying angle of attacks and in different flow regimes
Procedure
MATLAB for Gmsh script generation CFD Analysis in ANSYS Fluent
Coordinates of Airfoil
Gmsh code
NACA 6409 airfoil Max thickness 9% at 29.3% chord Max camber 6% at 39.6% chord
NACA 0012 airfoil Max thickness 12% at 30% chord Max camber 0% at 0% chord
CFD Analysis
Setup
Type: Density-based Steady State 2-D planar space Absolute velocity formulation
Flow conditions
Inviscid flow Ideal gas Energy Equation: On Po = 1 (atm.), To = 300 ( K)
Solver
Implicit 2nd Order upwind Solution steering to dynamically change CFL Under-relaxation factor: 0.5
Boundary conditions
Pressure far field Pressure far field Pressure far field
Cases
Case 1: Symmetrical Wedge Mach no = 1.5 Mach no = 3 Case 2: Varying Mach numbers @ = 0o Symmetrical airfoil (M = 0.2, 1, 3, 7) Asymmetrical airfoil (M = 0.2, 1, 3, 7) Case 3: Varying Angle of attack @ M =3 Symmetrical airfoil ( = 5o, 10o, 15o) Asymmetrical airfoil ( = -15o, 5o, 15o)
Mach contour Mach 1.5 Detached shock as expected from the theta- beta-M diagram
Mach contour- Mach 3 Attached shock M2= 2.23 which is approximately equal to theoretical value of (2.26) M3=3.64 which is approximately equal to theoretical value 3.65
Wedge
Velocity vector plot for Mach 1.4 Sudden change in direction of flow at bow shock Gradual change in direction of flow in Prantdl Meyer expansion
Supersonic: M = 3
Hypersonic: M = 7
Supersonic: M = 3
Hypersonic: M = 7
Supersonic: M = 3
Hypersonic: M = 7
Supersonic: M = 3
Hypersonic: M = 7
= 15o
Slip line
Symmetric airfoils produce no lift at zero angle of attack velair, top > vel air, bottom So, according to Bernoulli's principle (ideal conditions): Pressuretop < Pressurebottom This produces lift!
= 15o
As angle of attack increases, the differential pressure between top and bottom surfaces increases, thus increasing the lift
= -15o
Asymmetric airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack because of difference in surface areas of top and bottom surfaces Positive : velair, top > vel air, bottom Negative : velair, top < vel air, bottom
= -15o
As angle of attack increases, the differential pressure between top and bottom surfaces increases, thus increasing the lift Airfoil is being pushed down during negative angle of attack i.e. lift is negative
Cd,Cl vs AOA
0.8 C_lift_symmetric
0.1
0.7
C_drag_symmetric
0.098
0.096
C_drag
0.4 0.1 0.3 0.08 0.2 0.1 0 0 -0.1 -0.2 2 4 6 8 0.06 0.04 0.02
0.4 0.3
0.094
0.092
0.2
0.09
0.1
Mach number
0
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.088
C_drag
C_lift
0.12
C_lift
Conclusion
The wedge was perfectly symmetrical and thus
produced no lift (C_lift ~ E-06) with zero angle of attack. It also helped in investigating attached shocks and helped in validating the fluent solver Flow over symmetrical and asymmetrical airfoils was studied under different sonic conditions and angles of attack The optimal operating conditions observed in fluent agreed with theoretically specified values
References
Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical
Appendix
Hypersonic Flow