Non verbal

Most nonverbal communication is unconscious or subconscious Occurs mostly face-to-face Three factors in message interpretation: Verbal Impact, 7 percent Vocal Impact, 38 percent Facial Impact, 55 percent

Functions Replacing spoken messages. Sending uncomfortable

messages.
Reinforcing and modifying verbal messages

Types of Non-verbal Communication

Kinesics

Paralanguage or Para Linguistics

Proxemics Haptics Oculesics Chronemics Artifacts

Kinesics
(the study of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc., as a means of communication)

Kinesics
Defined - the study of posture, movement, gestures, & facial expression.

Kinesics: facial expression

Birdwhistle (1970): the face is capable of conveying 250,000 expressions

1 The Face
The face is an important source of information. Since the face cannot be easily hidden, it is an important source of nonverbal information and communicates a variety of emotions. In addition, eye contact, pupil size, and the smile provide additional cues to informed observers.

Facial Expression(s )
Forehead
Wrinkles Anger

Eyebrows

Outer edges Anger up Upward Contempt

Nose

Lips
Parted Relaxed, Happy

Together

Possibly Concerned

Wide Open

Very Happy / Very Angry

Arms

Arms Crossed

Angry, Disapproving

Open

Honest, Accepting

Hands
On Top of the Head Amazement

Scratching Head

Puzzled , Confused

Rubbing Eyes

Tired

Rubbing Chin

Thinking, Timid, Shy

Fingers
Fingers Interlocked Tense

Pointing at you

Angry

OK Signal

Fine

V Sign

Peace

We categorize kinesics into 3 different kinds

1.Emblems 2.Illustrator 3.Adaptors

1. Emblems
Substitutions for words
Specific verbal translation EX: OK, peace, be quiet

3. Illustrators
Accompany and literally illustrate the verbal message EX: Saying, Lets go while motioning with your hands for them to go, it was this big while showing how big, making a circular motion while talking about a circle

3. Adaptors
Satisfy a need & are usually unconscious

3 types:
1.Self-adaptors

2.Alter-adaptors
3.Object-adaptors

Adapters
1. Self-adaptors: satisfy a physical need EX: scratching your head, pushing your hair out of your face 2. Alter-adaptors: body movements you make in response to your current interactions EX: crossing your arms when someone unpleasant approaches 3. Object-adaptors: manipulation of objects; often happen when feeling hostile EX: clicking pen, chewing pencil

Eye Contact
Eye contacts shrinking eyes, eye ball movement, broadening of eyes etc.,

Oculesics
Study of eye-contact as a form of non-verbal communication.

Eye contact is the most important cue

Avoiding eye contact considered as insecure, untrustworthy Direct eye contact may be misinterpreted as hostility, aggressiveness Lowering eyes in China and Indonesia-sign of respect. They prefer indirect eye contact, prolonged eye contact is seen as sign of bad manners

Eyes
Centered Focused

Gazing Up

Thinking

Gazing Down

Shame

Gaze on the Side

Guilty

Wandering

Disinterested, Bored

Gaze/Eye Contact
Although people in the U.S. favor direct eye contact, in other cultures, such as the Japanese, the reverse is true; they direct their gaze below the chin. In the Middle East, on the other hand, the eye contact is more intense than U.S. people are comfortable with. A prolonged gaze or stare in the U.S. is considered rude.

Vocal Cues
Paralinguistic features - no word sounds & non word characteristics of language..

Paralanguage or Para Linguistics ( systematic study of how a speaker verbalizes)

Voice
Pitch variation Those who speak in monotones fail to keep listeners attention People in authority or When excited speak in high pitched voice Speaking Speed Fluency in language is not the same thing as the speed of speaking We should present easy parts of message at a brisk pace and difficult, complicated parts at slower pace. In state of anxiety, urgency we speak fast and when relaxed at a comfortable speed.

Non fluencies
Pauses often inserted with sounds like ah, oh, uh, um, you know, OK, yawning, laughing, chuckling Carefully and sparingly used they add fluency to speaker, give them time to breathe/ relax, make listener more alert

Too frequent insertions may irritate listener

Volume Variation
Loudness of our voice should be adjusted according to size of audience Some speakers believe only way to sound convincing is to speak louder Proper word stress Eg: Have we met before?

Proxemics-Space Language (study of distance individuals maintain between each other while interacting and its significance)

Proxemics-Space Language
Intimate-Physical contact/touch to 1.5 feet eg with our family members, closest friends and selected people Personal-18 inches to 4 feet eg normal conversations with close friends, colleagues, associates and visitors Social-4 to 12 feet. Used mostly for formal purposes Public-12 feet to as far as we can see and hear

Space (Proxemics)
People in the U.S. tend to need more space than do persons of other cultures. U.S. persons back away when people stand too close. Standing too close is interpreted as being pushy or overbearing U.S. people need more space than do Greeks, Latin Americans, or Arabs. The Japanese stand even farther away than do U.S. persons.

Touch (Tactilics)
Touch, when used properly, may create feelings of warmth and trust; when used improperly, touch may cause annoyance and betray trust.

Hierarchy is a consideration when using touch in the U.S.: people who are older or higher rank may touch those who are younger or of lower rank; equals may touch each other.

Several years ago, when President Carter was mediating peace talks between Egypt and Israel, Anwar Sadat frequently placed his hand on President Carters knee. While this subtextual message was intended as a gesture of warm friendship, the subtler message Sadat was conveying to the world was that he was President Carters equal.

Handshakes

Dead fish

The knuckle Grinder

Cultural Differences in Attitudes Toward Time U.S. persons are very time conscious and value punctuality. Being late for meetings is viewed as rude and insensitive behavior; tardiness also conveys that the person is not well organized. Germans and Swiss people are even more time conscious; people of Singapore and Hong Kong also value punctuality.

In Algeria, on the other hand, punctuality is not widely regarded. Latin American countries have a moderate attitude; people in Arab cultures have a casual attitude toward time.

Time (Chronemics)
Attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture. Countries that follow monochronic time perform only one major activity at a time (U.S., England, Switzerland, Germany). Countries that follow polychronic time work on several activities simultaneously (Latin America, the Mediterranean, the Arabs).

Clothing & Artifacts

Objectives - study of human use of clothing & other artifacts as nonverbal codes.

NONVERBAL POSTULATE
Nonverbal gives emotional content What you say is/is not as important as how you say it Nonverbal is culturally determined, yet universal

We send multiple nonverbal cues which can result in mixed messages

Tips of effective use of non verbal communication Observe and understand the non verbal signals being sent your way on a moment to moment basis

Use eye contact Understand the cultural nuances of the various forms of non verbal communication. When there is a contradiction between the verbal and non verbal messages of the persons you are listening to try to assess the situation with the help of non verbal cues

Check context: Don't try to interpret cues isolated from other such cues, from the verbal communication, or from the physical or emotional context. Look for clusters: This is the nonverbal context itself. See if a resistance accompanies the arms being crossed to eye contact and a flat tone of voice. Consider past experience: We can more accurately interpret the behavior of people we know. For e.g. Your mother may always hugs when you come home from school and so you learn that this represent happiness in that particular situation.

Practice perception checking: Recognize that you are interpreting observed behavior, not reading a mind, and check out your observation.