Heating and Air Conditioning I

Principles of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning R.H. Howell, H.J. Sauer, and W.J. Coad ASHRAE, 2005
basic textbook/reference material For ME 421 John P. Renie Adjunct Professor Spring 2009

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Heat Gain through Interior Surfaces
Whenever a conditioned space is next to a space at a different temperature heat gain

If no heat sources (tb to) 5 F Floor in contact to ground or basement no effect on cooling load estimate

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Heat Sources in Conditioned Spaces
People See Table 7-14 Lighting often the major component of space load therefore accuracy is needed. Different from electrical paper.
Convective portion immediate picked up by A/C system Radiative is absorbed and re-released by wall, floors, furniture, etc, after a time lag even when lights have been turned off. Instantaneous rate of heat gain given by Special allowance factor Table 7-15

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Table 7-14

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Table 7-14

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Table 7-14

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Figure 7-15

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Light Heat Components
Heat to space load light heat directly contributing to the space heat gain. Heat to return load light heat released into the above-ceiling cavity picked up by the return air Return air plenum equations

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Typical Return Air Plenum Heat balance equations

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain
Power equipment Table 7-16

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain
Hooded and unhooded equipment Table 7-18

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain
Load diversity

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Other components to heat gain
Ventilation and infiltration air Moisture transfer through permeable building materials Miscellaneous sources of heat
Temperature rise in fan stream due to fan inefficiency Temperature rise in fan stream as a consequence of air staic and velocity pressure Temperature rise from heat generated by motor and drive inefficiencies Air leakage into/ out of ducting

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Description of Radiant Time Series
Based on the assumption of steady-periodic conditions (the design days weather, occupancy, and heat gain coefficients are identical for those of preceding days repeat on a 24 hour cyclical basis.) Cooling loads must address two time-delay effects
Delay of conductive heat gain through opaque exterior surfaces Delay of radiative heat gain conversion to cooling loads

Overview (see Figure 7-6)

Solar radiation RTS method same as TFM and TETD/TA Differences computation of conductive heat gain, the splitting of all heat gains into radiant and convective portions, and the conversion of radiant heat gains into cooling loads. Time series multiplication to account for time delays radiant time factors and conduction time factors derived from heat balance equations Used for comparing the time delay impact of one construction to another

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Description of Radiant Time Series

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Description of Radiant Time Series
RTS Procedure

After summing to get the cooling load each hour, peak hour to select equipment do this for each design month to find peak.

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Description of Radiant Time Series part 2

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Conduction Time Series

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Conduction Time Series - continued

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Conduction Time Factors Table 7-28 (walls) and 7-29 (roofs)

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Conduction Time Factors Table 7-28 (walls) and 7-29 (roofs)

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Thermal Properties Table 7-30 Example Wall 1 made up of F01, F09, F04, I02, F04, G01, F02

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Cooling Load Calculations Using RTS
Instantaneous cooling load is the rate that heat is convected into the zone air at a given point in time. Complicated by radiative heat transfer and the time dependency (time lag or dampening) that is associated. Convective heat gain is immediately a cooling load. Heat balance procedures in RTS rely on radiative-convective split to determine contribution of internal loads to the radiative exchange between surfaces (see Table 7-27) The radiant time series method converts the radiant portion of hourly heat gains to hourly cooling loads using radiant time factors, the coefficients of the radiant time series. Current cooling loads based on the current and past heat gains. Two different radiant time series are used
Solar directly transmitted solar heat gains floor and furnishing only Nonsolar all other types of heat gains uniformly distributed on all internal surfaces diffuse solar heat gain and direct solar heat gain from windows with inside shading

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Cooling Load Calculations Using RTS

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Cooling Load Calculations Using RTS

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Cooling Load Calculations Using RTs

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Cooling Load Calculations Using RTS
Improved accuracy and less subjective inputs

Chapter 7 Nonresidential Load Calculation

Heating Load Calculations
Same except ...
Credit for solar or internal heat gains not included Thermal storage of building structure ignored Worst case load based upon
Design interior and exterior conditions Infiltration and/or ventilation No solar effect No heat gain from lights, people and appliances

Account taken for night-time setback