memahami teknik modulasi frekuensi dan

karakteristiknya.
2
Tujuan
Prinsip Modulasi Frekuensi
Bandwidth
Hubungan dengan Modulasi Fasa
3
Outline Materi
Angle Modulation
The angle modulation can be expressed mathematically
as:
m(t) = V
c
cos [
c
t + u(t)]
m(t) = angle modulated wave
V
c
= peak carrier amplitude (Volt)
e
c
= carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
u(t ) = instantaneous phase deviation (radians)

The magnitude of the frequency (f) and phase deviation
(u) is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal, V
m
and the rate at which the changes are
occurring is equal to the modulating signal frequency, f
m
.
4
Angle Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation (FM & PM) are both
forms of Angle Modulation.

Because of its superior performance than AM, it is
used extensively for commercial broadcasting
radio broadcasting, television sound transmission,
2-way mobile radio, cellular radio, microwave and
satellite communications systems.
5
Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation is the process of changing
carrier frequency by the modulating signal while the
carrier amplitude remains constant.
As the modulating signal amplitude increases, the
carrier frequency increases and vice versa.
The amount of change in carrier frequency produced
by the modulating signal is called Frequency Deviation
(f). Meanwhile, the change in phase is called Phase
Deviation (u)
The deviation is proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
6
Frequency Modulation
FM produces pairs of sidebands spaced from the
carrier in multiples of the modulating frequency.

The modulation index m of FM signal is the ratio of
the frequency deviation fd to the modulating
frequency, fm (m = f
d
/ f
m
)

The modulation index determines the number of
significant pairs of sidebands in FM signals.
7
8
Frequency Modulation
The frequency of a harmonic carrier signal is varied in such a way
that the instantaneous frequency deviation i.e. the difference
between the instantaneous frequency and the carrier frequency
is linearly related to the size of the modulating signal at a given
instant of time.
( ) ( )
0
cos
t
FM c c f m c
v t V t K v t dt e u = + +
}
| |
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
t t
inst inst c f m
t t dt t K v t dt u e e = = +
} }
( ) ( )
inst c f m
t K v t e e = +
K
f
is the frequency deviation sensitivity
/ rad s
Volt
(
(

Modulation Index
Frequency modulation index is defined as
m = Kf V
m
/
m

Frequency deviation which is the change in carrier
when acted on by a modulating signal frequency is
given by:
Peak frequency shift in hertz
Peak-to-peak frequency deviation of carrier swing

Therefore m can be rewritten as
m=f /f
m
9
10
PM & FM Waveform
FM
PM
Carrier
Modulating
signal
11
Spektrum
( ) ( ) ( )
cos cos
angle c c m
v t V t m t e e = +
( ) ( )
cos cos cos
2
n
n
n
m J m n
t
o | o |

=
| |
+ = + +
|
\ .

Jn (m) is the Bessel function of the first kind

( ) ( )
cos
2
angle c n c m
n
n
v t V J m t n t
t
e e

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 1
2 2
cos
cos cos
2 2
cos 2 cos 2 .....
c
angle c c m c m
c m c m
J m t
v t V J m t J m t
J m t J m t
e
t t
e e e e
e e t e e t

+

( (
= + + +
`
( (



( ( + + + +

)
f m
m
K V
m
e
=
FM:
p m
m K V =
PM:
m = modulation index
V
c
= peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
J
0
(m) = carrier component
J
1
(m) = first set of side frequencies displaced from
the carrier by
m
J
2
(m) = second set of side frequencies displaced
from the carrier by 2
m
J
n
(m) = nth set of side frequencies displaced from
the carrier by n
m

12
Spektrum
13
Spektrum
FM modulator: Af = 10 kHz, f
m
= 10 kHz, V
c
= 10 V, f
c
= 500 kHz, m=1
14
Bandwidth
Low-index modulation (narrowband FM)
m <1 (f
m
>>Af), B = 2f
m
High-index modulation (wideband FM)
m >10 (Af >>> f
m
), B = 2Af
m
Actual bandwidth
B = 2nf
m
(use Bessel table, n = number of significant sidebands)
Carsons rule (approx 98% of power)
B = 2 (Af + f
m
)
f = peak frequency deviation
f
m
= modulating frequency

FM & PM Modulator
FM modulator = integrator followed by a PM
Modulator
FM Demodulator = PM demodulator followed by
a differentiator
PM Modulator = Differentiator followed by an
FM Modulator
PM Demodulator = FM demodulator followed by
an integrator
15
16
K
f
is the deviation sensitivity
( ) ( )
inst c f m
t K v t e e = +
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
t t
inst inst c f m
t t dt t K v t dt u e e = = +
} }
( ) ( )
0
cos
t
FM c c f m
v t V t K v t dt e
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
Modulating
signal
source
Frequency
modulator
FM wave
Direct
V
c
cos(2f
c
t)
Frequency Modulator