Highly classified

Roman Society in Britain

the provincial administration the government of towns wealthy traders commercial classes

Top: people associated with the legions

At the lowest end: the slaves:

many of them were able to gain their freedom might occupy important governmental posts Women: rigidly circumscribed: not allowed to hold public office, limited property rights

Achievements of the Roman Empire in Britain

One of the greatest: its system of roads vital to link military headquarters, the isolated forts, for speedy movement of troops, munitions and supplies, for trade London chief administrative center They utilized bridges not known in Britain Communication with all parts of the country

Conclusion
The great mass of the British people did not become Romanized The influence of the Roman thought that survived in Britain was through the Church: Christianity had replaced the old Celtic Gods by the end of the 4th century

The Anglo-Saxon Conquest

The settlement of the Nordic Peoples is the governing event of British History The beginning of the first raids of Saxon pirates on the coast of Roman Britain took place well before 300AD It ends about 1020 when Canute completed the Scandinavian conquest of England by reconciling on equal terms the kindred races of Saxon and Dane

 The attempt to Latinize the Celtic broke down because there were too few Romans The Nordic conquest of England had larger, permanent results because it was secured on a general displacement of Celtic by Nordic peoples in the richest agricultural districts of the island This distinctive character of the modern English is Nordic tempered by Welsh In Scotland the Celtic element is radically stronger, but here also the Nordic language and character have prevailed

 NORDIC the German, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Scandinavian peoples of the 5th century FEATURES in common:
Common art of decorating weapons, jewelry Common customs of war and agriculture Allied languages Religion of Thor and Woden They had all originally come from the shores of the Baltic The Jutes settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight

 The Anglo-Saxons settled the greater part of Britain between Forth and the borders of Cornwall Many of them were farmers, whalers, deep-sea fishermen, seal-hunters Fierce, courageous, loyal Followed their chief with great fidelity Form of government: autocratic kinship exercised by a member of the royal family Mutual aid to be rendered between all members of a wide clan Before their migration to Britain Tribalism was yielding to individualism Kinship replaced by the relation between warriors and chief All these set the basis of aristocracy and the beginning of feudalism

 The naval military organization based on the discipline of the crew There are no authentic chronicles of the Saxon conquest the regions seized by the newcomers were mainly those that had been most thoroughly Romanized, regions where traditions of political and military self-help were at their weakest The Britons in their refuge among the Welsh mountains relapsed into Celtic barbarism The Saxons had a Runic alphabet Saint Augustine and his monks brought the Latin alphabet and the custom of written record Britain became the country of Pilgrim Fathers

 The Anglo-Saxons:
Were not city-dwellers Had no mercantile instincts Were bloody-minded pirates Destroyed a higher civilization than theirs The Roman roads helped to hasten the pace of conquest and destruction The first results: to destroy the peace and unity of the Roman province Wore boar-head helmet, had spears and wooden shields Desire to settle in large rural townships and toil the soil Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries: a fearsome chaos of warring tribes and kingdoms, public and private war was the rule the emergence of England as a nation did not begin as a result of a quick, decisive victory over the native Britons, but as a result of hundreds of years of settlement and growth This is the sound basis of the new English civilization

 There were separate kingdoms in England, settled by Angles, Saxons and Jutes whose areas, bit by bit, extended into the Celtic regions: Northumbria in the north; Mercia westwards to the River Severn and Wessex into Devon and Cornwall. In the southeast, the kingdoms of Sussex and Kent had achieved early prominence. Hengist and Horsa had arrived in Kent with a small fleet of ships in around 446 AD to aid the Britons in the defense of their lands. They had been invited by British chief Vortigern to fight the northern barbarians in return for pay and supplies, but more importantly, for land The invaders, who were Jutes, named the capital of their new kingdom Canterbury, the borough of the people of the Cantii the first Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Britain was an Anglo-Celtic kingdom, peopled by Anglo-Celts. The dynasty founded there by Hengist lasted for three centuries

Political Face of England

 thirty years after the arrival of Hengist to Britain, another chieftain named Aelle came to settle. The leader of the South Saxons, Aella ruled the kingdom that became Sussex. Other kingdoms were those of the East Saxons (Essex); the Middle Saxons (Middlesex), and the West Saxons, (Wessex) destined to become the most powerful of all and one that eventually brought together all the diverse people of England (named for the Angles) into one single nation. after the conversion of the Saxon peoples to Christianity, written laws began to be enacted in England to provide appropriate penalties for offenses against the Church

 In Kent, King Aethelbert (601-04) was the first to set down the laws of his people in the English language; his laws constitute by far the earliest body of law expressed in any Germanic language The Danes came in a huge fleet to London in 851 to destroy the army of Mercia and capture Canterbury. They had begun their deprivations with the devastation of Lindisfarne in 793, and the next hundred years saw army after army crossing the North Sea, first to find treasure, and then to take over good, productive farm lands upon which to raise their families The turning point took place in 878. From the Chronicle, we learn of the decisive event that took place at Edington (Ethandune), when Alfred "fought with the whole force of the Danes and put them to flight, and rode after them to their fortifications and besieged them a fortnight

 the rise and fall of successive English kingdoms during the seventh and eighth centuries: Kent, Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex a Northumbrian nobleman, Benedict Biscop, founded two monasteries, Wearmouth (674) and Jarrow (681). Both were to play important parts in the cultural phenomenon. Biscop made six journeys to Rome, acquiring many valuable manuscripts "the Venerable Bede," - a monk who lived from 673-735. He entered Jarrow at the age of seven he became the most learned scholar of his time. Working in the library with the manuscripts acquired by Benedict Biscop, he added greatly to its store of knowledge through his voluminous correspondence. His contemporary reputation rested on his biblical writings and commentaries on the Scriptures as well as his chronological works that established a firm system of calculating the date of Easter. Bede's greatest work was his Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.

Early National Poetry

English literature is considered either medieval or modern The medieval literature belongs to the era that formed the bridge over which the world advanced from the confusion following the collapse of Rome to the complex modern world. There are 2 periods:
1. the Anglo-Saxon period (670-1050) deals with legendary literature of an ancient Northern people 2. the Middle English period (1050-1400) deals with the experimental literature of an amalgam of races

The Old English Period

The Old English period is generally grouped in 2 main divisions: national and Christian To the former are assigned those poems of which subjects are drawn from English, or rather Teutonic tradition and history or from the customs of the English life To the latter those which deal with Biblical matters, ecclesiastical traditions and religious subjects of Christian origin

 Most of earlier national poems are anonymous and belong to times anterior to unification of England under King Alfred (AD 886) work of minstrels rather than of literary men The earliest English poem written while the Anglo-Saxons were still on the continent is Widsith the Song of a Traveler a kind of travel journey in which a vagrant minstrel tells us of the people he has visited and places to which he has been

 Another of these poems is Deors Complaint a lyrical cry of one bard about another and more successful rival The most important Beowulf which has been presented practically complete in a manuscript in West Saxon dialect round AD1000 It developed orally and achieved its present form during the 8th century in Mercia or Northumberland. The setting is southern Scandinavia in the Age of Migration of the 5th and 6th century

 It is an epic recording of great deeds of the heroic warrior Beowulf The action of the poem is attached at many points to the history of Germanic Europe There is a Homeric greatness about the atmosphere of the poem The historical background is drawn with clear actuality and the character of Beowulf is pictured vigorously and impressively - one of the most important monuments of Anglo-Saxon literature It paints simply and clearly the social customs of ancestors how they lived in peace and war, how their towns and country places looked like, their pleasures and their hardships