Adacell Optimization 130531034006 Phpapp02

ADA CELLWORKS PVT LTD
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INTRODUCTION
The global system for mobile communications !S"# is a set of recommen$ations an$ s%ecifications for a $igital cellular tele%hone net&or' 'no&n as a Public Lan$ "obile (et&or') or PL"(#* These recommen$ations ensure the com%atibility of e+ui%ment from $ifferent !S" manufacturers) an$ interconnecti,ity bet&een $ifferent a$ministrations) inclu$ing o%erations across international boun$aries*
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THE GSM NETWORK
The GSM network is comprised of the following componentsNetwork Elements The !S" net&or' incor%orates a number of net&or' elements to su%%ort mobile e+ui%ment* They are liste$ an$ $escribe$ in the !S" net&or' elements section of this cha%ter* GSM subsystems .n a$$ition) the net&or' inclu$es subsystems that are not formally recogni/e$ as net&or' elements but are necessary for net&or' o%eration* These are $escribe$ in the !S" subsystems non0net&or' elements# section of this cha%ter* Standardized Interfaces !S" s%ecifies stan$ar$s for interfaces bet&een net&or' elements) &hich ensure the connecti,ity of !S" e+ui%ment from $ifferent manufacturers* These are liste$ in the Stan$ar$i/e$ interfaces section of this cha%ter*
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THE GSM NETWORK CONTINUED
Network Protocols 1or most of the net&or' communications on these interfaces) internationally recogni/e$ communications %rotocols ha,e been use$ These are i$entifie$ in the (et&or' %rotocols section of this cha%ter* GSM re!uencies The fre+uency allocations for !S" 233) E4ten$e$ !S" an$ Digital Communications Systems are i$entifie$ in the !S" fre+uencies section of this cha%ter*
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DIGITAL NETWORKS
!S" net&or's are $igital an$ can cater for high system ca%acities* They are consistent &ith the &orl$ &i$e $igiti/ation of the tele%hone net&or') an$ are an e4tension of the .ntegrate$ Ser,ices Digital (et&or' .SD(#) using a $igital ra$io interface bet&een the cellular net&or' an$ the mobile subscriber e+ui%ment*
INCREASED CAPACITY
The !S" system %ro,i$es a greater subscriber ca%acity than analogue systems* !S" allo&s 56 '7/* Per user) that is) eight con,ersations %er 533'7/* Channel %air a %air com%rising one transmit channel an$ one recei,e channel#* Digital channel co$ing an$ the mo$ulation use$ ma'es the signal resistant to interference from the cells &here the same fre+uencies are re0use$ co0channel interference#8 a Carrier to .nterference Ratio C9.# le,el of 2 $: is achie,e$) as o%%ose$ to the ;< $: ty%ical &ith analogue cellular* This allo&s increase$ geogra%hic reuse by %ermitting a re$uction in the number of cells in the reuse %attern* Since this number is $irectly controlle$ by the amount of interference) the ra$io transmission $esign can $eli,er acce%table %erformance*
CGI : CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY

LAI MCC MNC CGI LAC CI
MCC = Mobile Country Code MNC = Mobile Network Code LAC = Location Area Code CI = Cell Identity
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MSISDN
CC
NDC XXX
SN 12345
98
CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number
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MSISDN
The "obile Subscriber .SD( "S.SD(# number is the tele%hone number of the "S* This is the number a calling %arty $ials to reach the subscriber* .t is use$ by the lan$ net&or' to route calls to&ar$s the "SC*
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IMSI
."S. .nternational "obile Subscriber
.$entity# (et&or' .$entity =ni+ue To A Sim*

404 XX 12345..10
MCC MNC MSIN SIM = Subscriber Identity Module MCC = Mobile Country Code MNC = Mobile Network Code MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
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IMEI
."E. - Serial number uni+ue to each
mobile
TAC 6 FAC 2 SNR 6 SP 1
IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity AC = ype Appro!al Code "AC = "inal Assembly Code SN# = Serial Number S$ = Spare
11
SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
International Mobile Subscriber Identity "IMSI# >ust the ."E. i$entifies the mobile e+ui%ment) other numbers
are use$ to i$entify the mobile subscriber* Different subscriber i$entities are use$ in $ifferent %hases of call setu%* The .nternational "obile Subscriber .$entity ."S.# is the %rimary i$entity of the subscriber &ithin the mobile net&or' an$ is %ermanently assigne$ to that subscriber* Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity "TMSI# The !S" system can also assign a Tem%orary "obile Subscriber .$entity T"S.#* After the subscriber?s ."S. has been initiali/e$ on the system) the T"S. can be use$ for sen$ing bac'&ar$ an$ for&ar$ across the net&or' to i$entify the subscriber* The system automatically changes the T"S. at regular inter,als) thus %rotecting the subscriber from being i$entifie$ by someone attem%ting to monitor the ra$io channels* The T"S. is a local number an$ is al&ays transmitte$ &ith the Local numbers an$ is al&ays transmitte$ &ith the Location Area .$entification LA.# to a,oi$ ambiguities*
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SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION MODULE (SIM)
:y ma'ing a $istinction bet&een the subscriber i$entity an$ the mobile e+ui%ment i$entity) a !S" PL"( can route calls an$ %erform billing base$ on the i$entity of the subscriber rather than the mobile e+ui%ment being use$* This can be $one using a remo,able Subscriber .nformation "o$ule S."#* A @smart car$@ is one %ossible im%lementation of a S." mo$ule* IMSI* This is transmitte$ at initiali/ation of the mobile e+ui%ment* TMSI This is u%$ate$ %erio$ically by the PL"( MSIS$N This is ma$e u% of a country co$e) a national co$e an$ a subscriber number* %ocation &rea Identity "%&I# This i$entifie$ the current location of the subscriber* Subscriber &uthentication 'ey "'I# This is use$ to authenticate the S."*
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EQUIPMENT IDENTITY NUMBER
International Mobile station E!uipment Identity "IMEI# Each "S is i$entifie$ by an .nternational "obile station E+ui%ment .$entity ."E.# number &hich is %ermanently store$ in the mobile e+ui%ment* On re+uest) the "S sen$s this number o,er the signalling channel to the "SC* The ."E. can be use$ to i$entify "S)s that are re%orte$ stolen or o%erating incorrectly* E!uipment Identity (egister " EI( # A listing of the allo&e$ ."E. is maintaine$ by the PL"(?s in the E+ui%ment .$entity Register E.R# to ,ali$ate the mobile e+ui%ment*
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Freque !" B# $%
)plink Downlink
1 100 KHz
<23 A 2;6 "7/ 56 "7/ 935 960 MHz 25 MHz

2 200 KHz 3 4
124 100 KHz
A 200 KHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding 2x100 KHz edges of the band, this gives 124 possible carriers for the uplin and do!nlin . "he use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators.
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#$% &et!or Architecture

'$(
H+)
BTS
A*(
")A*
BTS
%$( '$( .$"&

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MS & M'()*e S+#+)'

%$ $-% %E
"obile station %ro,i$es user access to !S"
net&or' for ,oice an$ $ata All !S" mobiles com%ly to !S" stan$ar$s Subscriber $ata is rea$ from a S." car$ that %lugs into "E
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%$ /cont..0
Each "S has a uni+ue number calle$ as
."E. number) &hich is store$ in E.R for authentication %ur%oses "obile cam%s on to the !S" net&or' through the :TS ser,ing the cell "obile also scans neighboring cells an$ re%orts signal strengths "obile transmits an$ recei,es ,oice at ;B 'b9s o,er the air interface
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CLASS ; CLASS 5 CLASS B CLASS C CLASS 6
M'()*e S+#+)' P'-er
Ou+,u+
Vehicle an$ Portable Portable an$ Vehicle 7an$07el$ 7an$07el$ !S"# 7an$07el$ DCS ;<33#
53 &atts < &atts 6 &atts 5 &atts 3*< &atts
Out%ut %o&er $etermines Accessibility in areas of co,erage Tal' Time an$ Stan$by time
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M'()*e S+#+)'
I$e +)+)e%
%$-$1& 2 %obile $tation -$1& &u3ber -t is the hu3an identit4 used to call a %obile $tation
(( 56 &1( 270 $& 00184 %$-$1&
CC A Country Co$e (DC A (ational Destination Co$e S( A Serial (umber

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IMSI (I +er #+)' #* M'()*e Su(%!r)(er I$e +)+")

8 %(( 2 or 8 %&( %$-& -%$-
&ot 3ore than 17 &%$ "CC A "obile Country Co$e "(C A "obile (et&or' Co$e "S.( A "obile Subscriber .$entity (umber
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-%E- /-nternational %obile E9uip3ent -dentit40

"A( :A( $&) $. -%E-
17
TAC A Ty%e A%%ro,al Co$e 1AC A 1actory Assembly Co$e S(R A Serial (umber SP A S%are $igit usually use$ to s%ecify
soft&are ,ersion#
22
SIM ( Su(%!r)(er I$e +)+" M'$u*e) $pace to insert $-% photo

Remo,able mo$ule inserte$ &hen the
subscriber &ants to use the "E T&o si/es- cre$it car$ si/e an$ stam% si/e S." features an$ contents are %ersonali/e$ by the Ser,ice Acti,ator RO" A D'b to ;D 'b RA" A ;5< bytes to 56D bytes EEPRO" A B'b to < 'b
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C' +e +% '. SIM

Serial (umber ."S.) Subscriber Key Ki) Ci%hering Key Kc Algorithms for authentication an$ ci%hering (et&or' Co$e P.() P=K Charging .nformation Abbre,iate$ Dialling Su%%lementary 1eatures e*g* Call barring#
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$-% $ecurit4
T&o le,el %rotection When mobile is turne$ on) it &ill as' for
user to enter P.( Personal .$ (umber# B tries for P.() after that P.( loc'e$ To unbloc' P.() there is P=K Pin =nbloc' Key# ;3 attem%ts of P=K allo&e$ After that S." is bloc'e$
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'"$ /'ase "ransceiver $tation0

:TS has a set of Transcei,ers TREs# to
communicate &ith mobiles in its area One :TS co,ers one or more than one cell The ca%acity of a cell $e%en$s on number of transcei,ers in the cell :TS is connecte$ to the :SC through Abis .nterface &hich is 5"b%s :TS transmits an$ recei,es ,oice at ;B'b%s o,er air interface to the mobiles* :TS comman$s mobiles to set T4* Po&er) timing a$,ance an$ 7an$o,ers
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'"$
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'$( < 'ase $tation (ontroller

Se,eral :TSs are connecte$ to the :SC :SC "anages channel allocation) han$o,ers
an$ release of channels at connecte$ :TSs :SC connects to the :TS ,ia the Abis interface an$ to the "SC on A interface :SC has the entire $atabase of cell %arameters associate$ &ith the :TSs* (o mobile $ata is store$ in the :SC Less connections for "SC as intelligence is ma$e common to all :TSs by the :SC
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'$(
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")A* < "ranscoder )ate Adaptation *nit

%$( and ")A* '$(
BTS
.$"& ;4 bps
18 bps
1; bps
1; bps
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")A* /cont..0
The "SC is base$ on .SD( s&itching*
The 1i4e$ (et&or' is also .SD( base$* .SD( has s%eech rate of DC 'b%s* "obile communicates at ;B 'b%s* TRA= con,erts the $ata rates bet&een ;B'b%s !S" rate to DC'b%s Stan$ar$ .SD( rate TRA= can be collocate$ &ith the :TS) :SC or "SC or it can be a se%arate unit*
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+ocation of "ranscoder
Collocate$ &ith "SC) :SC) :TS Se%arate =nit
%$(
"ransco der
'$(
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%$( < %obile $!itching (entre

H+)
'$( '$(
,+)
'$(
BTSs
.$"&
33
%$( /cont..0
E4change &here calls are establishe$) maintaine$
an$ release$ Database for all subscribers an$ their associate$ features* Communicates &ith the :SCs on the A interface an$ &ith PST( on fi4e$ line* "SC is &eighte$ on the number of subscribers it can su%%ort* E*g* an "SC of ; lac subscribers means one "SC is enough till subscriber base increases u%to ; lac) beyon$ &hich another "SC is re+uire$*
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%ultiple %$(s
When there is more ca%acity) there are more
than one "SCs* All "SCs ha,e to communicate &ith one another an$ to the outsi$e &orl$* Very com%licate$ to connect each "SC to each other an$ each "SC to PST( So there is a conce%t of !"SC !ate&ay "SC#
'$( '$(
%$( #%$( %$(

.$"&
35
H+) < Ho3e +ocation )egister

"SC has all subscriber $atabase
store$ in 7LR 7LR has all %ermanent subscriber $atabase 7LR has a $atabase &hich $escribes the subscriber?s %rofile i*e* basic features an$ su%%lementary ser,ices "SC communicates &ith the 7LR to get $ata for subscribers on call
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A subscri%tion &hen acti,ate$ is registere$ in
/LR & /)%)+) 0 L'!#+)' Re0)%+er
VLR VLR has all the subscriber numbers &hich are acti,e* VLR has a tem%orary $atabase of all acti,e subscribers on9off) location information#
H+) ,+) ,+)
%$(
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,+) /cont..0
H+) %$( ,+) ,+) ,+) %$(
"SC communicates &ith 7LR for
subscribers coming from $ifferent "SCs* .f the subscriber is foun$ ,ali$) then it registers the subscriber in the VLR
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A*( < Authentication (entre

Authentication is a %rocess by &hich a S." is
,erifie$ Secret $ata an$ the ,erification %rocess algorithm are store$ in A=C A=C is the element &hich carries out the ,erification of the S." A=C is associate$ &ith the 7LR
%$
%$(
H+)
A*(
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E-) /E9uip3ent -dentit4 )egister0

E.R is the "obile E+ui%ment Database
&hich has a series of ."E.s "SC as's the "obile to sen$ its ."E. "SC then chec's the ,ali$ity of ."E. &ith the E.R All ."E.s are store$ in E.R &ith rele,ant classifications
E-)
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%$(
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(lassification of -%E-s
=hite list2 "his contains the -%E- of t4pe approved 3obiles
'lac +ist2 +ist of -%E-s !hich should be barred because either the4 are stolen or are not functioning properl4 #re4 list2 +ist of -%E-s !hich are to be evaluated before the4 are put in blac list
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B)**) 0 Ce +re (BC)

:C !enerates the billing statement for each
subscriber :C may be $irectly connecte$ to the "SC or through a me$iation $e,ice "SC sen$s CDRs Call Detail Recor$s# to the :C Accor$ing to the tem%late of %ulse rates an$ units set) :C creates a bill accor$ing to the $estination calle$ an$ the call $uration
42
B)**) 0 Ce +re (BC) (!' +11)

"e3plates for unit costs
(1)s
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OMC & O,er#+)' % # $ M#) +e # !e Ce +re

Also calle$ the (OC (et&or' O%erations
centre# .t is the central monitoring an$ remote maintenance centre for all net&or' elements O"C has lin's to :SCs an$ "SCs
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OMC & O,er#+)' % # $ M#) +e # !e Ce +re

Also calle$ the (OC (et&or' O%erations
centre# .t is the central monitoring an$ remote maintenance centre for all net&or' elements O"C has lin's to :SCs an$ "SCs
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>%(
'"$s '$(
'"$s
'$(
>%( $4ste3
'"$s
'$( >%( "er3inals

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46
GSM C2#
e*%
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47
GSM C2#
e*%
Physical Channel
One time slot on one carrier is calle$ %hysical
channel*
Logical Channel
.nformation carrie$ by %hysical channels is
calle$ logical Channels* Logical channels are ma%%e$ on %hysical channels*
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L'0)!#* C2#
1ull Rate TC791# 7alf Rate TC797#
e*%
Traffic channels- =se$ for s%eech an$ $ata
Control channels- =se$ for signaling *i*e* setting u% a ra$io connection) call or controlling an "S $uring con,ersation
:C7 :roa$cast channels# CCC7 common control channels# DCC7 $e$icate$ control channels#
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Tr#..)! C2#
e*%(TCH)
ra''ic C(annels) C%*

C%&" (full Ra !" C%&% (#alf Ra !"
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Control Channels(CCH)
CC%)Control C(annel*
+C%
CCC%
DCC%
CC%
Sync(, C(anels "CC%
#AC%
C+C%
SDCC%
ACC%
SC%
$C%& AGC%
"ACC%
SACC%
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BCH(Br'#$!#%+ C2#
e*%)
:CC7 :roa$cast Control Channels#

Do&nlin' Only* :roa$cast information of the ser,ing cell
System .nformation#* Transmitte$ on timeslot /ero of :CC7 carrier* Rea$s only by i$le mobile at least once e,ery B3 secs*
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BCH(Br'#$!#%+ C2# !' +3$
e*%)
SC7 Synchronisation Channels#

Do&nlin' Only Carries information for frame synchronisation* Contains frame number an$ :S.C :ase
Station .$entity Co$e#*
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53
BCH(Br'#$!#%+ C2# !' +3$
e*%)
1CC7 1re+uency Correction Channels#

Do&nlin' Only* Enable "S to synchronies to the fre+uency*
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CCCH(C'44' C2# e*)
C' +r'*
RAC7 Ran$om Access Channel#

=%lin' only* =se$ by the "S &hen ma'ing its first access
to the (et&or'* The reason for access coul$ be initiation of a call or a %age res%onse*
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CCCH(C'44' C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

A!C7 Assess !rant Channel#
Do&nlin' only* =se$ for ac'no&le$gement of the access
attem%t sent on RAC7* =se$ by the net&or' to assign a signaling cannel u%on successful $eco$ing of access bursts*
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CCCH(C'44' C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

PC7 Paging Channel#
Do&nlin' only* The net&or' &ill %age the "S )if there is a
incoming call or a short "essage* .t contains the "S i$entity number) the ."S. or T"S.*
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DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*)

SDCC7 Stan$0alone De$icate$ Control
Channel#
=%lin' an$ Do&nlin'* =se$ for call setu%) authentication) ci%hering
location u%$ate an$ S"S*
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DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

SACC7 Slo& Associate$ Control Channel#
Do&nlin' an$ =%lin'* =se$ to transfer signal &hile "S ha,e ongoing
con,ersation on traffic or &hile SDCC7 is being use$* On the for&ar$ lin') the SACC7 is use$ to sen$ slo& but regularly changing control information to each mobile on that AR1C() such as %o&er control instructions an$ s%ecific timing a$,ance instructions
59
SACC7 Slo& Associate$ Control
Channel# cont?$
T#! $!%!$&! SACCH 'a$$(!& ()f*$+a (*) a,*u #!
$!'!(%!- &(.)al & $!). # a)- /ual( 0 *f #! TCH1 a& 2!ll a& 3CH +!a&u$!+!) $!&ul & f$*+ )!(.#,*$(). '!ll&.
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DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

1ACC7 1ast Associate$ Control Channel#
Do&nlin' an$ u%lin'* Associate &ith TC7 only* .t is use$ to sen$ fast message li'e han$ o,er
message* Wor' by stealing traffic bursts*
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M#,,) 0 ' C2# e*%
P2"%)!#*
The Logical channels are ma%%e$ on the
%hysical channels* The TD"A frames are grou%e$ together into multi0frame*
5D TD"A multi0frame for Traffic* 6; TD"A multi0frame for control signal*
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C2#
e* C'4() #+)'
Combine$
All the controlling signals are in the time slot 3
of the "ulti0frame*
(on Combine$
De$icate$ controlling signals are in time slot ;
of the "ulti0frame*
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63
C'4() e$
Cell &ith single carrier*
Timeslot 3 -:CC7FCCC7FSDCC7* Timeslot ;0G -TC791ACC7FSACC7*
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64
N'
C'4() e$
Cell &ith T&o carrier

Timeslot 3 of carrier ;# :CC7FCCC7* Timeslot ; of carrier;# SDCC7FSACC7* Timeslot 50G H 30G of both carriers#
TC791ACC7FSACC7*
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BROADCAST MESSAGES
System information 6 an$ D sent on the SACC7
imme$iately after 7an$o,er or &hene,er nothing else is being sent* Do&nlin' SACC7 is use$ for system information messages &hile u%lin' SACC7 is use$ for measurement re%orts* System .nformation ty%es G an$ < o%tional# are an e4tension to ty%e C an$ broa$cast on the :CC7*
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SISTE" .(1OR"AT.O(
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SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
When fre+uency ho%%ing is use$ in cell "S nee$s to
'no& &hich fre+uency ban$ to use an$ &hat fre+uency &ithin the ban$ it shoul$ use in ho%%ing algorithm* Cell channel $escri%tion *ell &llocation Number"*&N+#0.nforms the ban$ number of the fre+uency channels use$* 330:an$ 3 current !S" ban$# *ell &llocation &( *N"*& &( *N#,- AR1C(?s use$ for ho%%ing*.t is co$e$ in a bitma% of ;5C bits*
68
SYTEM INFORMATION 5
124
128
122
121
024 01; 006
028 017 00?
022 014 00;
021 018 007
020 012 004
015 011 008
016 010 002
01? 005 001

69
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(&*. *ontrol Parameters
&ccess *ontrol *lass"&**# ,-:itma% &ith ;D bits* All "S s%rea$ out on class 3 A2 * Priority grou%s use class ;;0;6* A bit set to ; barre$ access for that class* :it ;3 is use$ to tell the "S if emergency call is allo&e$ or not* 3 A All "S can ma'e emergency call* ; 0 "S &ith class ;;0;6 only can ma'e emergency calls* *ell barred for access"*/#,30 Ies ;0 (o
70
(e-establishment allowed"(E#,30 Ies ;0 (o Ma01retransmissions"M&2(ET#-0(umber of times the "S attem%ts to access the (et&or' J;)5)C or GK* T0-integer"T2#,- (umber of slots to s%rea$ access retransmissions &hen a "S attem%ts to access the system* Emergency call allowed,Ies9(o*
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System .nformation Ty%e 5 message
consists of the Double :A list &hich $efines the :CC7 fre+uencies use$ in the neighboring cells* The Double :A list %ro,i$es the "S &ith $ifferent fre+uencies on &hich to measure) $e%en$ing on &hether the "S is in i$le or acti,e mo$e* .n acti,e mo$e) the "S shoul$ measure on a re$uce$ number of fre+uencies in or$er to im%ro,e the accuracy of measurements*
72
.n .$le mo$e)the "S shoul$ measure on
larger number of fre+uencies) so that the time re+uire$ for the "S to access the net&or' after %o&er on is re$uce$* The "S is also informe$ &hich PL"(?s it may use* As &ell as System .nformation Ty%e 5)it is also %ossible to ha,e System .nformation Ty%e 5 :is an$ System information Ty%e 5 Ater) $e%en$ing on the si/e of the :A List* System .nformation Ty%e 5 :is9Ter are o%tional*
73
Neighbor *ell $escription,/& Indicator"/& IN$#,- Allo&s to $ifferentiate measurement results relate$ to $ifferent list of :CC7 fre+uencies sent to "S* /**. &llocation number"/&N+#,:an$ 3 is use$*
P%MN Permitted"N**PE(M#-0This the PL"(
color co$es %ermitte$ an$ tells the "S &hich net&or' color co$es (CC# on the :CC7 carriers it is allo&e$ to monitor &hen it is in this cell*
*
74
&ccess *ontrol *lass"&**# ,-:itma% &ith ;D bits* All "S s%rea$ out on class 3 A2 * Priority grou%s use class ;;0;6* A bit set to ; barre$ access for that class* :it ;3 is use$ to tell the "S if emergency call is allo&e$ or not* 3 A All "S can ma'e emergency call* ; 0 "S &ith class ;;0;6 only can ma'e emergency calls* *ell barred for access"*/#,30 Ies ;0 (o
75
(e-establishment allowed"(E#,30 Ies ;0 (o Ma01retransmissions"M&2(ET#-0(umber of times the "S attem%ts to access the (et&or' J;)5)C or GK* T0-integer"T2#,- (umber of slots to s%rea$ access retransmissions &hen a "S attem%ts to access the system* Emergency call allowed,Ies9(o*
76
/**. &( *N Number"/&IN$#,- AR1C(?s use$ for in a :itma% of ;5C bits
124 128 122 121
024 01; 006
028 017 00?
022 014 00;
021 018 007
020 012 004
015 011 008
016 010 002
01? 005 001

02/09/14
Tempus Telcosys
77
The System .nformation Ty%e B contains information
on the i$entity of the current LA an$ cell i$entity) because a change means that the "S must u%$ate the net&or'* System .nformation B also as Control Channel Descri%tion %arameters use$ to calculate the Paging grou%* When the "S is in i$le mo$e it $eci$es &hich cells to loc' to* .nformation nee$e$ by the "S for cell selection is also broa$cast in the Ty%e B information*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
78
56CAT76N AR8A 798NT7TT:(5A7" 8 4 6 MCC 97; 2 1 1 1 MNC 97; 2 5 1 5AC 5AC C855 798NT7T: C7 C7 4 3 MCC 97; MCC 97; MNC 97; 2 1 1 1 1
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
79
*ontrol *hannel $escription
&ttach 3 $etach"&TT#,3 L Allo&e$ ; L (ot Allo&e$ bs1agblk,-(umber of bloc' reser,e$ for A!C7 J30GK /a1pmfrms,-(umber of 6; frame multi0 frames bet&een transmission of %aging messages to "S of the same grou% T4565,- Perio$ic location u%$ate timer * J;0566 $eci hoursK*
80
cc(-con' 0 1 2 4 6
$(ysical c(annels 1 (+!&l* (0" 1 (+!&l* (0" 2 (+!&l* (012" 3 (+!&l* (01214" 4 (+!&l* (0121416"
combined N* :!& N* N* N*
No, o' CC% 9 3 18 24 36
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
81
*ell options $T2,-Whether Discontinuous Transmission use$ or not* P7(*,-Po&er control on the $o&nlin'* 3 L (ot use$* ; L =se$* (adio link timeout"(%IN'T#,-Ra$io lin' time0out is the time before an "S $isconnects $ue to failure in $eco$ing SACC7 message* Sets the timer T;33 in the "S*
82
*ell Selection Parameters
(0le81access1min,- "inimum recei,e$ signal le,el at the "S for &hich it is %ermitte$ to access the system* 30DB L 0;33 $:m to ACG $:m* M01t0pwr1cch,- "a4imum %o&er the "S &ill use &hen accessing the system* *ell1reselect1hysteresis,- =se$ for cell reselection*
(&*. *ontrol Parameters*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
83
%ocation &rea Identification* *ell Selection Parameters
(0le81access1min,- "inimum recei,e$ signal le,el at the "S for &hich it is %ermitte$ to access the system* 30DB L 0;33 $:m to ACG $:m* M01t0pwr1cch,- "a4imum %o&er the "S &ill use &hen accessing the system* *ell1reselect1hysteresis,- =se$ for cell reselection*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
84
ma4Mretransmissions "AERET# t4Minteger TE# Cell barre$ for access C:#* Re0establishment allo&e$ RE# Emergency Call Allo&e$ Access Control Class ACC#
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
85
*/*. $escription"+ptional# ,
*.N,- This is the channel number for C:C7* .t is controlle$ internally in :SC* TS*,- Training Se+uence Co$e* :ase Station Color Co$e :CC# %art of :S.C is use$* */*.N+,- Absolute R1 channel number of C:C7* M&*,- "obile Allocation in the cell) $escribes the fre+uencies to be use$ in the ho%%ing se+uence if fre+uency ho%%ing is use$*
86
.opping *hannel".#,-.nforms if C:C7 Channel is ho%%ing or single* &( *N,- .f 7L38 M&I+,- .f 7L;) informs the "S &here to start ho%%ing* Values J30DBK* .SN,- .f 7L;) informs the "S in &hat or$er the ho%%ing shoul$ ta'e %lace* ValuesJ3 ADBK* 7S(L3 Cyclic 7o%%ing* M&,-.n$icates &hich R1 Channels are use$ for ho%%ing* AR1C( numbers co$e$ in bitma%*
87
Sent on the SACC7 on the $o&nlin' to the "S in
$e$icate$ mo$e* On SAAC7) the "S also recei,es information about the :CC7 carrier in each neighboring cell* This may $iffer from those sent in System information ty%e 5* .t is also %ossible to ha,e system .nformation Ty%e 6 :is an$ System .nformation Ty%e 6Ter) $e%en$ing on the si/e of the :A list*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
88
Neighbor *ell $escription,/&-IN$,-=se$ by the (et&or' to $iscriminate measurements results relate$ to $ifferent lists of :CC7 carriers sent by the "S Ty%e 5 or 6#* Values 3 or ; $ifferent from ty%e 5#* /**. &llocation number,-330:an$ 3 current !S" ban$#*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
89
/**. &( *N,-(eighboring cells AR1C(?s* Sent as a bitma%* 30(ot use$ ;0=se$*
124 128 122 121
024 01; 006
028 017 00?
022 014 00;
021 018 007
020 012 004
015 011 008

Tempus Telcosys
016 010 002

02/09/14
01? 005 001

90
SYSTEM INFORMATION :
"s in $e$icate$ mo$e nee$s to 'no& if the LA has
change$*.f so) it must %erform location u%$ating &hen the call is release$* "S may change bet&een cells &ith $ifferent Ra$io lin' timeout an$ DTE* *ell Identity9 %ocation &rea Identification9 P%MN permitted9
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
91
SYSTEM INFORMATION :
*ell options,
DTE PWRC Ra$io Lin' timeout*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
92
SYSTEM INFORMATION ;<=

System .nformation Ty%es G an$ < contain
Cell Reselect %arameters* Their function is to su%%lement System .nformation Ty%e C*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
93
GSM I +er.#!e%
=m# Air interface A bis interface A .nterface : .nterface C interface
0 0 0 0 0
"S to :TS :TS to :SC :SC to "SC "SC to VLR "SC to 7LR
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
94
A*( To ot er Networks #%$( H Interface H+) C Interface %$( A Interface '$( A bis Interface
D Interface ,+) B Interface F Interface E-)
Air Interface MS
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
95
GSM I +er.#!e%
The interfaces bet&een "SC an$ "S is
calle$ A) Abis an$ =m interfaces* On these interfaces only three layers are $efine$*They are not corres%on$ing to the OS. O%en System .nterconnection# mo$el*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
96
A I +er.#!e
A interface bet&een the :SC an$ the "SC The A interface %ro,i$es t&o $istinct ty%es of
information) signalling an$ traffic) bet&een the "SC an$ the :SC* The s%eech is transco$e$ in the TRC an$ the SSG Signalling system# signalling is trans%arently connecte$ through the TRC or on a se%arate lin' to the :SC*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
97
A()% I +er.#!e
The A0bis interface res%onsible for transmitting
traffic an$ signalling information bet&een the :SC an$ the :TS* The transmission %rotocol use$ for sen$ing signalling information on the A0bis interface is Lin' Access Protocol on the D Channel LAPD#
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
98
(U4) A)r I +er.#!e

This is the interface bet&een the mobile station an$
the :ase station* The Air interface uses the Time Di,ision "ulti%le Access TD"A# techni+ue to transmit an$ recei,e traffic an$ signalling information bet&een the :TS an$ "S* The TD"A techni+ue is use$ to $i,i$e each carrier into eight time slots*These time slots are then assigne$ to s%ecific users)allo&ing u% to eight con,ersations to be han$le$ Simultaneously by the same carrier*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
99
4 0
3 1
0 1o!n +in 4 5 6 4
*p +in
2 3
"i3e $lot < "his interface is the radio interface bet!een the
3obile station and the net!or and uses la4er "hree 3essages. @ >n +a4er three 3essages !e have the division of 3essage t4pes into (% /co33unication %anage3ent0, %% /%obilit4 %anage3ent0, and )) /)adio )esource %anage3ent0.
100
C' (CM)

e!+)'
M# #0e4e +
There are three entities &ithin C"Call Control CC# A Which han$les the %roce$ures concerning call control* e*g* setu%)Change of bearer ser,ice* Su%%lementary Ser,ice SS# A Which han$les such as call bearing) call &aiting ) call for&ar$ing etc* Short "essage Ser,ice S"S# A Enables the "S to han$le short message transfer to an$ from the net&or'*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
101
M'()*)+" M# #0e4e + (MM)

"obility management han$les functions for
authentication) location u%$ating) i$entification an$ others concerning the mobility of the mobile station*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
102
R#$)' Re%'ur!e M# #0e4e + (RR)

.t contains the functions concerning the ra$io lin'*
7ere &e fin$ the ca%ability to establish)maintain an$ release the ra$io connection bet&een the net&or' an$ the mobile station) &hich inclu$es the han$o,er %roce$ure*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
103
B I +er.#!e
The : interface bet&een the "SC an$ the VLR uses
the "AP9TCAP %rotocol* "ost "SCs are associate$ &ith a VLR) ma'ing the : interface NinternalN* Whene,er the "SC nee$s access to $ata regar$ing a "S locate$ in its area) it interrogates the VLR using the "AP9: %rotocol o,er the : interface*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
104
C I +er.#!e
The C interface is bet&een the 7LR an$ a "SC* Each call originating outsi$e of !S" i*e*) a "S
terminating call from the PST(# has to go through a !ate&ay to obtain the routing information re+uire$ to com%lete the call) an$ the "AP9TCAP %rotocol o,er the C interface is use$ for this %ur%ose* Also) the "SC may o%tionally for&ar$ billing information to the 7LR after call clearing*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
105
D I +er.#!e
The D interface is bet&een the VLR an$ 7LR* .t uses the "AP9TCAP %rotocol to e4change the $ata
relate$ to the location of the "S an$ to the management of the subscriber*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
106
E I +er.#!e
The E interface interconnects t&o "SCs* The E interface e4changes $ata relate$ to han$o,er
bet&een the anchor an$ relay "SCs using the 0"AP9TCAPF.S=P9T=P %rotocol*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
107
F I +er.#!e
The 1 interface connects the "SC to the E.R* .t uses the "AP9TCAP %rotocol to ,erify the status of
the ."E. that the "SC has retrie,e$ from the "S*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
108
G I +er.#!e
The ! interface interconnects t&o VLRs of $ifferent
"SCs* .t uses the "AP9! %rotocol to transfer subscriber information) $uring e*g* a location u%$ate %roce$ure*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
109
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
110
T',)!% .'r $)%!u%%)'

S%eech Enco$ing Data Enco$ing .nterlea,ing for Voice)Control an$ Data
signals
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
111
S,ee!2 E !'$) 0
We shall start &ith a ra& ,oice signal fe$
into the micro%hone) tra,el through the ,arious stages in,ol,ing ,oco$ing) channel co$ing etc till it reaches the final burst format on the Air .nterface*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
112
S,ee!2 E !'$) 0 !>+
Ra2 =*('! &(.)al
=*('! 8)'*-().
C#a))!l '*-().
() !$l!a%().
RF M*-ula (*)
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
113
S,ee!2 E !'$) 0 !>+

The ,oice is sam%le$ at the rate of 63
sam%les %er secon$* This results in 53 msec bloc's of s%eech Each of this 53 msec bloc' is %asse$ on to the ;BKb%s ,oco$er* There are 5D3 information bits from the out%ut of the ,oco$er for e,ery 53 msec in%ut i*e*8 ;BKb%s O53msec L 5D3 bits*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
114
/')!e E !'$) 0 !>+
.ocoder I&p 20 +&!' &>!!'# ,l*'?&
/01bps .ocoder
.ocoder 2&p 260 ,( &
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
115
C2#
e* !'$) 0
Channel Co$ing is $one to %rotect the
logical channels from transmission errors intro$uce$ by the ra$io %ath* The co$ing schemes $e%en$ on the ty%e of the logical channels) hence the co$ing can $iffer from s%eech) control an$ $ata *
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
116
C2# e* C'$) 0 .'r %,ee!2 260 ,( &

Cla&& 1a 50
3( & 3 >a$( 0 132
'la&& 1,
'la&& 2
4 a(l ,( &
C*)%*lu (*)al '*-!$ @ '*-!$1 ?A5 345 ,( &A067 ,( & f$*+ C*)%*lu (*) '*-!$ B 67 'la&& 2 ,( &
117
C2# e* !'$) 0 .'r S,ee!2

The 5D3 bits of s%eech info from the ,oco$er
is bro'en $o&n into three %arts* Class ;a0 63 bits ) these re%resent the filter coefficients of the s%eech an$ are the most im%ortant for %ro%er $etection of the s%eech at the recei,er an$ hence are gi,en ma4imum %rotection* B a$$itional %arity bits are $eri,e$ from the class ;a bits for cyclic re$un$ancy chec' CRC#*
118
C2# e* !'$) 0 .'r S,ee!2 !' +3$

Class ;b 0 ;B5 bits are not %arity chec'e$
but are fe$ into the con,olutional co$er along &ith C tail bits &hich are use$ to set the registers in the recei,er to a 'no&n state for $eco$ing %ur%ose* Class ;b0 G< bits) these are not so im%ortant an$ are not %rotecte$ but are combine$ &ith the out%ut of the con,olution co$er*
119
C' ?'*u+)' #* !'$er CC

The Con,olutional co$er is a series of shift
registers im%lemente$ using logic gates) &here for e,ery one in%ut bit &e get 5 out%ut bits* 7ence it is calle$ P co$er* 7ere 'L6 is the constraint length) it means there are 6 shift register an$ each bit has memory $e%th of C ) meaning it can influence the out%ut of u% to four ne4t successi,e bits* This is useful $uring rece%tion as bits can be $eri,e$ e,en if a fe& consecuti,e bits are lost $ue to errors or corru%tion*
120
@ C' ?'*u+)' #* !'$er

C0 *u >u B 0110.. R1 7)>u ,( &
R2
R3
R4
R5
B B 8XC6R RA$!.(& !$
Tempus Telcosys
C1 *u >u
02/09/14
121
C' ?'*u+)' #* !'$er !' +3$

The out%ut of the CCO is no& BG< bits*
63FBF;B5FC#O5LBG< The total number of bits no& is BG<FG<LC6D bits* O(ote - The bit rate from the ,oco$er &as ;BKb%s for the 53 msec s%eech bloc') but after CC the bit rate increases to 55*<Kb%s* C6D bits O53msecsL55*<Kb%s O CC L Con,olutional Co$er*
122
C' +r'* C2#

184 ,( & C*) $*l -a a 184 F($! '*-!-
e* C'$) 0
40 4 a(l >a$( 0 ,( & @ C*)%*lu (*)al C*-!$ 456 ,( & *u >u
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
123
C' +r'* C2#
e* C'$) 0
The control information is recei,e$ in bloc's
of ;<C bits* These bits are first %rotecte$ &ith a cyclic co$e calle$ as 1ire co$e) &hich is useful in correction an$ $etection of burst errors* C3 Parity bits are a$$e$) along &ith C tail bits* These 55< bits are gi,en to the CC &hose out%ut is again C6D bits at a bitrate of 55*<Kb%s* The control channels inclu$e the RAC7) PC7) A!C7 etc*
124
D#+# C2#
e* C'$) 0
240 ,( & 9a a 4 a(l ,( &
@ C*)%*lu (*)al C*-!$ 6u >u A 488 ,( & Af !$ Pu)' u$(). 6u >u A456 ,( &
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
125
D#+# C2#
e* C'$) 0
The $ata bits are recei,e$ in bloc's of 5C3
bits* These are $irectly con,olution co$e$ after a$$ing C tail bits* The out%ut of the CC is no& C<< bits) &hich actually increases the bitrate to 5C*C Kb%s* To 'ee% the bitrate constant on the air interface &e nee$ to %uncture the out%ut of the CC* 7ence) &e ha,e a final bitrate of 55*< Kb%s again *
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
126
C2#
e* C'$) 0 !' +3$
The abo,e e4%lanation &as gi,en 'ee%ing
in ,ie& a full rate Traffic) Control) or Data channel* 1or 7alf rate or Lesser rates the same %rinci%le of channel co$ing hol$s goo$) &ith slight $ifferences in the enco$ing %rocess*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
127
I +er*e#?) 0
7a,ing enco$e$ the logical channel
information) the ne4t ste% is to buil$ its bit stream into bursts that can be transmitte$ &ithin the TD"A frame structure* This is the stage &here the interlea,ing %rocess is carrie$ out* .nterlea,ing s%rea$s the content of one information bloc' across se,eral TD"A timeslots or bursts*
128
I +er*e#?) 0 !' +3$

The follo&ing interlea,ing $e%ths are use$ S%eech A < bloc's Control A C bloc's Data A 55 bloc's The interlea,ing %rocess for a s%eech bloc' is sho&n &herein &hich a C6D bit s%eech bloc' is $i,i$e$ into < bloc's of 6G bits each an$ each of these o$$ an$ e,en 6G bit bloc's are interlea,e$ $iagonally on to alternate bursts on the TD"A frame*
129
S,ee!2 I +er*e#?) 0
S>!!'# ,l*'? NC1 456 ,( &>!!'# -a a 8D 54 ,( & !a'# A 456 ,( & 6f S>!!'# ,l*'? N
TBF
54 54 *-- TBF *-6f NC1 6f N
54 54 8%!) TBF 8%!) 6f NC1 6f N
T#! &>!!'# (& &>$!a- *%!$ 7 &u'# )*$+al ,u$& & 8a'# )*$+al ,u$& '*)&(& & *f 2* ,l*'?& *f 54 ,( &>!!'# f$*+ -(ff!$!) 20+&!' ,l*'?& (&a0 N1 NC1" al*). 2( # 26 ,( $a()(). &!/u!)'! a)- 2 fla. " >lu& 6 & a$ & *> ,( & .
130
C' +r'* D#+# I +er*e#?) 0

114 114
456 ,( & '*) $*l -a a 114 114
T9MA 3u$& ,l*'?& T#! '*) $*l -a a (& &>$!a- *%!$ 3 ,l*'?& u&(). rectan8ular () !$l!a%(). ()& !a- *f -(a.*)al () !$l!a%(). a& () &>!!'# #! $!'!(%!$ 2(ll #a%! * 2a( f*$ a l!a& 2 +ul (f$a+!& ,!f*$! ,!(). a,l! * -!'*-! #! '*) $*l +!&&a.!
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
131
D#+# I +er*e#?) 0
456 ,( -a a ,l*'? 114
F($& 6 ,( &
114
F($& 6 ,( &
114
114
5a& 6 ,( &
5a& 6 ,( &
3u$& 1
3u$& 2
3u$& 3
3u$& 4
3u$& 19
3u$& 22
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
132
D#+# I +er*e#?) 0 !' +3$

7ere the $ata bloc' of C6D bits is $i,i$e$ into
C bloc's of ;;C bits each* The first D bits from each of the ;;C bit bloc's is inserte$ in to each frame) the secon$ D bits from each of the ;;C bits into the ne4t frame an$ so on s%rea$ing each ;;C bloc' o,er ;2 TD"A bursts &hile the entire C6D bits is s%rea$ o,er 55 TD"A bursts* Thus the $ata interlea,ing is sai$ to ha,e a $e%th of 55 bursts*
133
D#+# I +er*e#?) 0 !' +3$

The reason &hy $ata is s%rea$ o,er such
along %erio$ of time is that if $ata burst is corru%te$ or lost) only a small %art of it is lost &hich can be re%ro$uce$ at the recei,er* This &i$e interlea,ing $e%th $oes %ro$uce a time $elay $uring transmission but that is acce%table since it $oes not affect the $ata signal +uality at the recei,er) unli'e s%eech &here $elay coul$ result in ba$ +uality of signal to the subscriber* O(ote A The interlea,ing use$ in $ata is $iagonal interlea,ing*
134
I +er*e#?) 0 A$?# +#0e

+e'ore Deinterlea!in8 3 &u''!&&(%! ,u$& & '*$$u> !-
A'ter Deinterlea!in8 T#! '*$$u> !- ,u$& & a$! &>$!a- *%!$ a l!). # !/ual * #! () !$l!a%(). -!> # &* #a #! !ff!' *f #! !$$*$& (& +()(+(z!-.
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
135
A)r I +er.#!e B)+r#+e

The information &hich is no& co$e$ an$
interlea,e$ at 55*< Kb%s no& has to be transmitte$ o,er the Air interface to the :TS* The information burst is not sent $irectly ) but is sent in ci%here$ form &ithin a burst en,elo%e* This ci%hering is $one using ci%hering 'eys an$ algorithms 'no&n both by the mobile an$ the :SS*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
136
A)r I +er.#!e B)+r#+e !' +3$

The Kc is the ci%hering 'ey an$ A6
algorithm are a%%lie$ to the information s%eech or $ata# &hich increases the bitrate to a final rate of BB*< Kb%s from9to each mobile* .f &e assume all < timeslots of the cell to be occu%ie$ then the bitrate of the Air interface comes to BB*< O <L 5G3*C Kb%s9channel*
137
A)r I +er.#!e B)+r#+e !' +3$

K' 7)f*$+a (*) 3l*'? 22.8 K,>&
A5 Al.*$( #+ S!) *) A($ () !$fa'! C(>#!$!- ()f*$+a (*) ,u$& 33.8 K,>&
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
138
A)r I +er.#!e B)+r#+e !' +3$

T9MA F) T9MA F)B1
1 2 3 4 5 6 4 8
C!ll $EF& 8D33.8 K3>& A 240.4 K,>& P!$ T9MA f$a+!
C!ll '*%!$a.! a$!a
M*,(l! TEF& a 33.8 K,>&
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
139
De!'$) 0 # $ De) +er*e#?) 0 #+ +2e Re!e)?er

At the recei,er the re,erse %rocess of
Deinterlea,ing an$ $eco$ing ha,e to ta'e %lace res%ecti,ely) so as to reco,er the information from the signal* After Deinterlea,ing the signal &ill be $eco$e$ &hich is the re,erse %rocess of the Con,olutional co$ing) using Viterbi $eco$ers* The $eco$er can reco,er lost or corru%te$ $ata u% to C successi,e bits) because the memory $e%th of the CC is C for 'L6#*
140
(hannelization
1re+uency ban$ has se,eral a%%lication
segments Certain bloc's of the :an$ are reser,e$ for certain a%%lications by regulating authorities Technologies ha,e $eci$e$ their fre+uency ban$s E*g* A"PS9DA"PS- <5C0<2C "7/
141
(hannelization 3ethods
Channeli/ation can be $one %rimarily by three metho$s 1D"A 1re+uency Di,ision "ulti%le Access# TD"A Time Di,ision "ulti%le Access# CD"A Co$e Di,ision "ulti%le Access#
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
142
#ower
FDMA
Ti"e
Fre!uency
E*g* A"PS ban$ is $i,i$e$ into B3 K7/
channels ;DDD 1re+* channels# Tele,ision Channels Star) Qee) Sony)**#

143
#ower
"1%A
Ti"e
Fre!uency
E*g* A"PS has B timeslots on each B3 K7/
channel
144
(1%A
1re+uency channel is $i,i$e$ into co$e
channels E*g* in .S026 CD"A) ;*55< "7/ channel is $i,i$e$ into DC Co$e Channels Each user has a %articular co$e Co$es are orthogonal to each other) $o not interfere &ith each other
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
145
1uplex Access %ethods

A3plitude "i3e
"x
)x
:1
:2
:re9uenc4
1re+uency Di,ision Du%le4 1DD# Transmit on one fre+uency an$ recei,e on
another fre+uency
146
"i3e A3plitude
1ivision 1uplex
"i3e
)x "x :1 :re9uenc4
Time $i,ision $u%le4 T4 an$ R4 is on the same fre+uency but on
$ifferent times
147
#$% Air -nterface

Se%arate :an$s for =%lin' an$ Do&nlin'
Do&nlin'- 2B602D3"h/ E!S"- 25602D3"7/# =%lin'- <2302;6 "7/ E!S"- <<302;6 "7/#
TDMA and TDMA Multiple

! 124 "#e$uency %&annels 'A("%)* +o# ,-M900 ! 1 to 124 +#o cu##ent .and ! 975 to 1023 +o# /0,-M ! 200123 %&annels ! 8 Mo.iles s&a#e A("%) .y TDMA
148
GSM A)r ) +er.#!e (5=AA)

;<33- Do&nlin'- ;<360;<<3 "7/ ;<33- =%lin'- ;G;30;G<6 "74
BGC AR1C(s Se%aration of 26 "7/ AR1C(s are numbere$ from 6;5 to <<6
inclusi,e
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
149
"he #$% 'urst

"ail 'its (ontrol 'it (ontrol 'it "ail 'its
7? 1ata
2; %ida3ble
7? 1ata
8 6.27 #uard .eriod
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
150
$peech (oder
20 3s bloc s
Pulse e4citation9Long term Pre$iction# $peech (oder Con,erts DC 'b%s s%eech to ;B 'b%s 'its >rdered At the en$ &e get ;B'b%s s%eech i*e* 5D3 bits in 53 ms 70 ver4 i3portant bits 182 i3portant bits
RPE9LTP co$er Regular
?6 other bits
151
Error (orrection
"4pe 1a 70 8/()(0 "4pe 1b 182 "4pe -- ?6
)eordering
"4pe 1b "ail "4pe 1b 27 ;; 8 ;; 27 4 "4pe -- ?6 "4pe 1a "4pe 1a Half rate convolutional code 8?6 47; bits fro3 20 3s of speech "4pe -- ?6
152
D)#0' #* I +er*e#?) 0
47; bits fro3 203s of speech 47; bits fro3 203s of speech
7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7?
7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7?
7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7?
Traffic channel TC7# bursts carry t&o 6G bit
bloc's ;;C# Each ;53 ms of s%eech L C6DOD L 5GBD bits 5GBD9;;C L 5C bursts i*B* 5C frames "ultiframe has 5D frames in ;53ms* There are 5 s%are frames ** ; SACC7) ; .$le
153
(onvolutional (oding and -nterleaving

:its to be T4 e$- 7ELLO Con,olutionally enco$e$- 77EELLLLOO .nterlea,e$- EE 77 LL LL OO :its R4 e$- EE 77 LL LL OO De0.nterlea,e$- 77EELLLLOO Viterbi Deco$e$- 7ELLO
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
154
$peech (oding .rocess

47; bits 20 3s $peech (oder 2;0 bits 18 bps 182 1b ?6 -"ransceiver /'"$0 18 bps 2;0 bits
"ranscoder Handler
70 1a
1; bps 2;0 A ;0 B 820 bits ")A* fra3e Abis

(hannel (oder 47; bits 22.6 bps
155
")A* fra3e
5D3 bits info F D3 TRA= bits L B53
bits953ms L TRA= frame D3 bits contain frame .nformation $ata &hich in$icates s%eech) $ata) OH") full rate9half rate D3 bits L B6 synchroni/ation F 5; control F C timing
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
156
M)$#4(*e 'r Tr#) ) 0 B)+%

"ail 'its (ontrol 'it (ontrol 'it "ail 'its
7?
1ata
2;
%ida3ble
7?
1ata
6.27 #uard .eriod
< mi$amble %atterns Colour co$es# of 5D bits :S.C# RAC7 an$ SC7 ha,e longer C; an$ DC bit "i$ambles E+uali/er estimates channel im%ulse res%onse from
mi$amble "athematically construct in,erse filter =ses in,erse to $eco$e bits

Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
157
1o!nlin and *plin

=%lin' lags $o&nlin' by B timeslots =%lin' an$ $o&nlin' use same timeslot
number =%lin' an$ $o&nlin' use same channel number AR1C(# =%lin' an$ $o&nlin' use $ifferent ban$s C6 "7/ a%art for !S" 233#
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
158
Me#%ure4e +% 4#$e (" MS # $ BTS

*plin )C+E, /D46 to D110 db30 *plin )CE*A+ /0D?0 *plin )C+E, /D46 to D110 db30 *plin )CE*A+ /0D?0
3
B 6
R4Rual S 3*5T 3*C A 3*< T ;*D A B*5 T D*C A ;5*< T
; C D
3*5 A 3*C T 3*< A 3*;D T B*5 A D*C T

159
%obile .o!er (ontrol

.ath +oss .o!er (o33and
"obile is comman$e$ to change its Transmit
Po&er Change in Po&er is %ro%ortionate to the Path Loss Change in Po&er is $one in ste%s of 5 $bs
160
"i3ing Advance
TD"A a%%roach re+uires signals to arri,e
at :TS at the correct time A mobile at B3 'm &ill be late by ;33micro secon$s Timing a$,ance is in the range of 30D5 One unit is 663m So ma4imum cell si/e is DBO3*66 L UB6 'ms
161
(oncepts of (hannels in #$%

A com%any ,ehicle is use$ for se,eral %ur%oses
in a $ay Similarly in !S") the timeslots are use$ for $ifferent %ur%oses at $ifferent times
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
162
Fr#4e% # $ Mu*+).r#4e%
(ontrol (hannel %ultifra3e "raffic (hannel %ultifra3e
70
27
4.;17 3s
:ra3e "i3e $lot
0 1 2 8 4 7 ; ?
8 1ata 1 %ida3ble 1 1ata 8 6.27 bits
17;.27 bits
02/09/14 Tempus Telcosys sec 7?;.52 3icro
163
GSM O,er#+)' %
+ocation *pdate %obile >riginated 1"C (ell 'roadcast $hort %essage
(all %obile "er3inated (all Handover $ecurit4 .rocedures (ell 'arring
$ervice E3ergenc4 calls $upple3entar4 $ervices )oa3ing

164
M'()*e Tur
%obile $earches for 'roadcast (hannels
/'(H0 $4nchronizes :re9uenc4 and "i3ing 1ecodes '(H subDchannels /'((H0 (hec s if &et!or Allo!ed b4 $-% +ocation *pdate Authentication
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
165
+ocation Area
+ocation +ocationArea Area1 1 '"$ '"$ '"$ '"$ '"$
BSC BSC
MSC
+ocation +ocation Area Area2 2
'"$ '"$ '"$
BSC
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
166
+ocation Area -dentit4

%(( %&( +A(
+ocation area is the area covered b4 one or
3ore '"$s !here a 3obile can 3ove freel4 !ithout updating the s4ste3 >ne +ocation area can be covered b4 one or 3ore '$(s, but on4 one %$(.
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
167
-3portance of +ocation Area

)educe .aging load )esource .lanning
Smaller Location Areas A Location u%$ate increases Larger Location Areas A Paging loa$ increases
168
=hat is +ocation *pdateF

%$( should no! the location of the
%obile for paging %obile is continuousl4 changing location area %obile !hen changes +ocation Area infor3s the %$( about its ne! +A .rocess of infor3ing %$( about ne! +ocation area is +ocation *pdate
169
"4pes of +ocation *pdates

;* (ormal Location
=%$ate 5* ."S. Attach B* Perio$ic Location =%$ate

Hi, - a3 in +ocation area xxx
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
170
-%$- Attach
"obile turns off an$ sen$s an ."S.
Detach to "SC "obile turns on again an$ com%ares LA. .f same) sen$s an ."S. attach to "SC
-s the received +A- sa3e as before

Tempus Telcosys
-f s a 3 e , $ends - %$ attach
02/09/14
171
N'r4#* L'!#+)'
"obile Turns on Po&er Rea$s the ne& LA.
U,$#+e
.f $ifferent) $oes a Location =%$ate
-s the received +A- sa3e as before

Tempus Telcosys
-f differe n t, does +ocation *pdate

02/09/14
172
Per)'$)! L'!#+)'
U,$#+e
The %erio$ic location =%$ate time is
set from O"C9"SC After the %erio$ic location u%$ate timer e4%ires) the mobile has to $o a location u%$ate
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
173
W2#+ 2#,,e % #+ L'!#+)' U,$#+eB

%obile changes location area )eads the ne! +ocation Area fro3 '((H $ends a )A(H /re9uest for channel0 #ets a $1((H after A#(H $ends its -%$- and ne! and old +A- in a
+ocation *pdate re9uest to %$( on $1((H
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
174
W2#+ 2#,,e % #+ *'!#+)' u,$#+e !' +11

V** * * "SC starts Authentication .f successful) =%$ates the ne& Location area for the "obile in the VLR Sen$s a confirmation to the "obile "obile lea,es SDCC7) an$ comes to i$le mo$e
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
175
M'()*e Or)0) #+e$ C#**

(hannel )e9uest -33ediate Assign $ervice )e9uest Authentication (iphering $et *p (all .roceeding Assign3ent Alerting (onnection
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
176
M'()*e Ter4) #+e$ C#**

.aging (hannel )e9uest -33ediate Assign .aging )esponse Authentication (iphering $et *p (all (onfir3ed Assign3ent Alerting (onnection
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
177
Se!ur)+" Fe#+ure%
Authentication Process to ,erify Authenticity of S." "obile is as'e$ to %erform an o%eration
using i$entity uni+ue to S." %ip&e#in4 !5#ocess o+ codin4 speec& +o# sec#ecy !T&e speec& .its a#e /67(ed 8it& .it st#eam uni$ue to MTempus Telcosys 02/09/14
178
Se!ur)+" Fe#+ure% (TMSI Re#**'!#+)' )

+ocation *pdate "%$- Allocation (all $etup "%$- )eallocation #$% -nfrastructure
Tempus Telcosys
%obile
02/09/14
"%$-D "e3porar4 %obile $ubscriber -dentit4
179
Se!ur)+" Fe#+ure% (I$e +)+" C2e!>)

-dentit4 (hec $ends -%EE-) =hite listed G#re4 +istedG 'lac +isted 3obiles
180
H# $'?er
(ell 1
(ell 2
Handover is a #$% feature b4 !hich the controlGco33unication of a %obile is transferred fro3 one cell to another if certain criteriaHs are 3et. -t is a net!or initiated process.
181
(riteria for Handover

Recei,e Ruality RER=AL# on u%lin' an$
$o&nlin' Recei,e Signal Strength RELEV# on u%lin' an$ $o&nlin' Distance Timing A$,ance# .nterference Le,el Po&er :u$get
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
182
H# $'?er De!)%)'
:SC %rocess the measurements re%orte$ by
"obile an$ the :TS
'"$ '"$ '"$
'"$ '"$ '"$

%obile has 3easure3ents of six neighbors
183
H# $'?er De!)%)' (!' +11)

:SS %erforms a,eraging function on these
measurements e,ery SACC7 frame C<3ms#

7an$o,er Decision algorithm is acti,ate$
after a set number of SACC7 frame %erio$s by com%arison against threshol$s
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
184
"4pes of Handovers

.(TRA0CELL 7A(DOVERS .(TER0CELL 7A(DOVERS .(TRA0:SC 7A(DOVERS .(TER0:SC 7A(DOVERS .(TER0"SC 7A(DOVERS
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
185
-&")AD(E++ HA&1>,E)
(1 (0
Handover bet!een ti3eslots of sa3e fre9uenc4 Handover bet!een different fre9uencies of the sa3e cell /to reduce interference0 %$( is not a!are about this
186
-nterDcell Handover
BTS
(ell 1
(ell 2
Handover bet!een cells of the sa3e '"$

187
-nterDcell Handover /cont..0

"SC is tol$ about 7O :TS 0W :SC 0W "SC Why "SC is informe$X
.n case of change of LA) "SC may nee$ LAC for
%aging* As "S is busy) a lin' alrea$y e4ists* So) "SC can sen$ a tone in case of call &aiting) an$ $oes not nee$ to %age again* This is nee$e$ also for billing an$ call tracing
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
188
INTRA-BSC H# $'?er
'"$ %$( '$( '"$
"his H> ta es place if the cell to !hich handover is to be done belongs to the sa3e '$(
189
-nter '$( Handover

'$( %$( '$( '"$ '"$
"he %$( is co3pletel4 involved in this Handover

190
I +er MSC H# $'?er

%$(
#%$(G .$"&G 'ac bone
'$(
'"$
%$(
'$(
'"$
-n this case the handover ta es place through the interconnecting ele3ent !hich can be #%$( or .$"& or private 'ac bone bet!een the %$(s
191
(ell 'arring
'"$
(ell 'arring is a #$% feature b4 !hich certain 3obiles could be barred access to certain cells (ell barring is activatedGdeactivated at '"$ level (ell barring is done for 3obile categories and priorities
192
Ce** B#rr) 0
E,ery mobile has an access class The access class is store$ in the S."
Classes 302 are terme$ normal calsses Classes ;;0;6 are emergency classes
/9e#y cell &as a set pa#amete# 8&ic& de+ines 8&ic& access classes a#e .a##ed +o# t&e pa#ticula# cell: T&is pa#amete# is .#oadcasted on t&e ;%%2
193
=hat is 1"CF
DTE Discontinous Transmission# Each $irection of Transmission is only 63T Transmitter is s&itche$ O( for useful
information frames
)eed +o# DT6 To inc#ease .atte#y li+e To #educe t&e a9e#a4e inte#+e#ence le9el DT6 is done .y DT6 &andle#s 8&ic&
194
/AD (/')!e A!+)?)+" De+e!+'r)

Senses for s%eech in 53ms bloc's Remo,es stationary noise VAD is an energy $etector Com%ares Energy of filtere$ s%eech
threshol$ .t $etermines &hich 53ms bloc's contain s%eech an$ it only for&ar$s those frames
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
195
E?#*u#+)' N')%e
'. B#!>0r'u $
:ac'groun$ noise is al&ays %resent &ith
s%eech DTE cuts off this noise &ith s%eech !i,es an uncomfortable feeling to the listener VAD ta'es care of this by inserting comfort noise at the recei,ing en$ &hen s%eech $iscontinues*
196
E3ergenc4 (alls
!S" s%ecs $efine ;;5 as an
emergency number Y;;5? is accessible &ith or &ithout S." Without S." it is sent on the best channel "obile on sensing Y;;5? sets the establishment cause to emergency call in the RAC7 Routing of this call be $one to a $esire$ location $efine$ in the s&itch
197
Ce** (Re)%e*e!+)'
Cell reselection is $one using C; %ath loss
criterion* The %ur%ose is to ensure that the "S is cam%e$ on to the cell &ith the best transmission +uality* The "S &ill cam% on to the cell &ith the highest C; ,alue if C; W 3*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
198
T2e .'**'-) 0 ,#r#4e+er% #re u%e$ +' !#*!u*#+e +2e C5 !r)+er)'

The recei8ed signal at the "S si$e* (0le81access1min 0 broa$cast on the
:CC7 0 The minimum recei,e$ le,el at the "S re+uire$ for access to the net&or'* Ms1t0pwr1ma01cch 0 the ma4imum %o&er that an "S may use &hen initially accessing the net&or'* The ma4imum %o&er of the "S
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
199
C5 C A - M#D(BEA)
A L Recei,e$ le,el A,erage 0
R4le,MaccessMmin*
: L "SMt4%&rMma4Mcch 0 ma4imum
out%ut %o&er of the "S
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
200
Ce** Re%e*e!+ H"%+ere%)%

Cell reselection on the bor$er of t&o location areas
result in a location u%$ate* When an "S mo,es on the bor$er of t&o location areas lots of location u%$ates ta'e %lace* To a,oi$ these location u%$ates) the reselect hysteresis is intro$uce$* A location u%$ate is %erforme$ only if The C; ,alue of the ne& location area is higher than the C; ,alue in the current location area an$ The recei,e$ signal strengths ha,e at least a $ifference of the reselect hysteresis*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
201
Cellular concept
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
202
Why to use the cellular concept ?
Sol,es the %roblem of S%ectral congestion
an$ user ca%acity by means of fre+uency reuse* Offers high ca%acity in a limite$ s%ectrum allocation* Offers system le,el a%%roach) using lo& %o&er transmitters instea$ of a single) high %o&er transmitter large cell# to co,er larger area*
203
A %ortion of the total channels a,ailable is
allocate$ to each base station* (eighboring base stations are assigne$ $ifferent grou%s channels) in or$er to minimi/e interference*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
204
Cell shape
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
205
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
206
;0Omni0$irectional cell0site Omni0$irectional antenna#* 50Rhombus0sha%e$ sectors Directi,e antenna#* B07e4agonal sha%e$ sectors Directi,e antenna#*
207
Cell size
%arge cell u% to G3'm in $iameter# .t e4ists &here ;0Ra$io &a,es are unobstructe$* 50Transmission %o&er can co,er the area* B0lo& subscriber $ensity*
Small cell -
u% to 5'm in $iameter#
.t e4ists &here ;0Ra$io &a,es are obstructe$* 50Lo& transmission %o&er to $ecrease interference* B07igh subscriber $ensity*
02/09/14
Tempus Telcosys
208
Types of cells
;0"acro0cells B0Pico0cells* 50"icro0cells* C0=mbrella0cells*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
209
What is a cluster ?
A cluster is a grou%
of cells* (o channels are reuse$ &ithin a cluster* .t is the unit of $esign*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
210
Cluster size
$efinition , .t is The number of cells %er cluster
Where ,
N : i;5 < i= < =;5
i L 3) ;) 5V*H Z L 3);)5V* etc* ( L ; ) B ) C )G) 2 ) ;5 )VV
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
211
Types of clusters
;0(LG omni fre+uency %lan 50$irectional#* 50(LG tra%e/oi$al fre+uency %lan ;0$irectional#* B0(L2 omni fre+uency %lan* C0Tricellular %lans a# (LB tricellular %lan B92#* b# (LC tricellular %lan C9;5#*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
212
Channel assignment strategies

*onsiderations ,
;# "a4* ca%acity* 5# "in interference* B# Perfect han$o,er*
Types of assignment strategies ,

1# i0ed , Each cell has %ermanent %re$etermine$ set of ,oice channels* (e& calls ser,e$ by unuse$ channels of this cell* :orro&ing strategy if all channels are occu%ie$* 7igh %robabiltity that call is :loc'e$ if channels are occu%ie$.( disadv.)
213
5# $ynamic ,
Channels are not allocate$ to $ifferent cells
%ermanently* from "SC*
Each ne& call :TS re+uests ne& channel "SC allocate a channel) by using an
algorithm that ta'es into account;0 1re+uency is not alrea$y in use* 50 "in* reuse $istance to a,oi$ co0channel interference*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
214
&d89 of dynamic assignment strategy ,

;# .ncrease channel utili/ation .ncrease trun'ing efficiency #* 5# Decrease %robability of a bloc'e$ call*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
215
Frequency reuse Concept
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
216
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
217
Reuse cluster
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
218
Co-channel Reuse ratio (Q) :

R - cell ra$ius* D - reuse $istance*
Q = D/R. = s!rt"4N#9 Where : ( - cluster si/e

219
Handover
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
220
$efinition , %roce$ure that allo&s "S to change the cell or time0slot to 'ee% as goo$ lin' as %ossible $uring all the call*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
221
Types of handover
Intra*ell , bet* 5 channels of same cell* Inter*ell , bet* 5 channels of 5 $ifferent cell
H same :TS*
Inter/TS "intra /S*# , 5 cells of $ifferent
:TS Same :SC* same "SC*
Inter/S* , bet* 5 cells of $ifferent :SC?s H
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
222
easurements !efore handover
1- Measurements from MS to BSC :

a# Strength of :TS signal* b# Ruality of :TS signal* c# Signal strength of D neighbor :TS?s* -Measurements from B!S to BSC : a# Strength of "S signal* b# Ruality of "S signal* c# Distance bet&een ser,ing :TS H "S*
223
D)..ere + !#u%e% Different causes '. of 2# $'?er Handover

8+!$.!)'0 H6 3! !$ '!ll H6
5!%!l
Gual( 0
P3;T 7) !$f!$!)'!
Tempus Telcosys
9(& a)'!
T$aff(' 'au&!&
02/09/14
224
a#>Min9 acceptable performance? algorithm, "S %o&er is increase$ &hen +uality $eceases till han$o,er is the only &ay* b# >Power budget > algorithm, Prefer $irect han$o,er &hen +uality $eceases &ithout increasing "S %o&er first *
"asic handover algorithms
225
#andover priority
;# =L +uality cause or interference#* 5# DL +uality cause or interference#* B# =L le,el cause* C# DL le,el cause* 6# Distance cause* D# :etter cell cause*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
226
Interference
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
227
$ources of interference include:

;# Another mobile in the same cell* 5# A call in %rogress in the neighboring cell* B# Other :TS?s o%erating in the same fre+uency ban$*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
228
%nterference effects :
.n ,oice channel causes crosstal' .n control channels it lea$s misse$ an$
bloc'e$ calls $ue to errors in the $igital signaling*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
229
ain types of interference :

6# *o-channel interference9 5# &d=acent channel interference9
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
230
&) Co-channel interference

Source - (ear cell using same fre+uency*
.t is a function of reuse $istance D9R#* General rule -
io L (o* of co0channel interfering cells* S L Signal %o&er from a $esire$ :S* Ii L interference %o&er cause$ by the ith interfering co0channel cell :S*
231
"nother form :
C9. L ;3 log [ ;9n# D9R#Om\ 7here m L %ro%agation constant $e%?s on nature of en,ironment# n L number of co0channel interferers* *an be minimized by Choosing minimum reuse $istance L 5*6V*B# 5R#*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
232
') (d)acent channel interference
Source - A cell using a fre+uency a$Zacent to
the one in another cell $ue to im%erfect recie,er?s filter*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
233
General rule - AC.L 0;3 LogJ $;9$5#OmK A
A$Z ch isolation* 7here d6- $istance bet&een "S H %ro%er :Ts d5- $ist* :et "S H a$Z :TS causing interference* &d= ch isolation : ilter isolation : - 5@db9
*an be minimized by ,
;0careful filtering 50careful channel assignments B0Directional antenna*

234
Traffic engineering theory
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
235
Why do *e need to +no* traffic?

The amount of traffic $uring pea hours
allo&s us to $imension our &ireless system for a certain #>$*
$%S , %robability of ha,ing a call bloc'e$
$uring busy hour bloc' rate#*

236
Traffic intensity (,)

Erlang - A unit of traffic intensity measure* ; Erlang L ; circuit in use for ; hour* T in Erlangs# L J(o* of calls %er
hourOa,erage call hol$ing time sec*#K 9 JBD33K
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
237
Typical traffic profile
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
238
Traffic ta!les
Erlang B Table Erlang C Table Poisson Table ;loc1ed calls a#e not &eld ;loc1ed calls a#e &eld in t&e $ueue inde+initely ;loc1ed calls a#e &eld in t&e $ueue +o# a time < t&e mean &oldin4 time
239
Er*# 0 & B +#(*e

P (8T# L J T](#Oe4% 0T# K 9 (^
N
2 4 10 20 40
GOS 1%
0:153 0:869 4:46 12:0 29:0
GOS 2%
0:223 1:093 5:084 13:182 30:997
02/09/14
Tempus Telcosys
240
Trun+ing
Sharing channel among se,eral users* Trunking efficiency "nT# , "easures the
number of subscribers that each channel in e,ery cell can accommo$ate* nT L traffic in Erlangs 9 no* of channels#O;33*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
241
Trunking
Trunking
efficiency in presence of one operator ,
efficiency in presence of two operators ,
( L G ) B;5 one $irection ,oice channels (o* of channels 9 cell L B;5 9 G L CC ch*9cell* 1rom Erlang0: table _!OS 5T)this?s e+ui,alent to B6 Erlangs nT L B6 9 CC L G2*66*
( L G ) B;5 9 5 L ;6D one $irection ,oice channel for each o%erator* (o* of channels 9 cell L ;6D 9 G L 55 ch*9cell* 1rom Erlang0: table _!OS 5T)this?s e+ui,alent to ;6 Erlangs* nT L ;6 9 55 L D<*;<*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
242
System capacity
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
243
S , total $u%le4 channels a,ailable for use L 'O(
7here,
( - cluster si/e* ' - (o* of channels 9 cell*
* , total (o* of $u%le4 channels in system8
* : MAkAN9 7here ,
" - (o* of times the cluster is re%eate$*
244
Cell s%litting* Sectoring*
%mproving system capacity
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
245
Cell splitting
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
246
$ectoring
We use $irectional antennas instea$ of being
omni$irectional
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
247
7e can now assign fre!uency sets to

;# "ore fre+ reuse* 5# 7igher system ca%acity* B# .m%ro,e S9. ratio better signal +uality #*
What does sectoring mean?

sectors and decrease the re-use distance to fulfill ,
.ow S3I ratio is impro8edB

0e*g* .n ;53 $egree sectoring there?s only 2 interferers instea$ of D incase of omni$irectional &B? cluster*
248
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
249
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
250
-irectional fre.uency reuse
7ere &e use G95;
%attern for fre+uency allocation*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
251
Comparison between various types of clusters

252
/ 0 1 omni fre.uency plan :

n L D ) m L C* D 9 R L C*6<B* ;# Co0channel
interference ratio C 9 . L ;<*D $:*
5# A$Zacent channel
interference AC. L 05D $: _ $;L $5*

253
/ 0 1 trapezoidal fre.uency plan

n L 5 ) m L C* D 9 R L D*5C6* ;# Co0channel interference
ratio C 9 . L 5<*<*
5# A$Zacent channel
interference - $isa%%ears because the channels are assigne$ alternati,ely to the cells*
254
Trunking efficiency , B;5 one $irection ,oice channels
(LG B;5 9 G L CC*6G U CC ch*9cell*

1rom Erlang0: table _ !OS L 5T T L B6 E* nT L B6 9 CC L G2*66 T*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
255
/ 0 2 omni fre.uency plan

n L C ) m L C* D 9 R L s+rt B O 2 # L
6*5*
;# Co0channel
interference C 9 . L 55*D $:*
5# A$Zacent channel
interference AC. L 0B< $: _ $5 L 5 $;#*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
256
Trunking efficiency , B;5 one $irection ,oice channels
(L2 B;5 9 2 L BC*DG U BC ch*9cell* 1rom Erlang0: table _ !OS L 5T T L 56*652 E* nT L 56*652 9 BC L G6*3<6 T* *onclusion , nT G W nT 2 'ut C9. G W C9. 2 AC. G W AC. 2
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
257
3 4 &' cell pattern

n L ; ) m L C* D 9 R L s+rt BO C# L
B*GB5*
C 9 . L 55*<G $:* Trunking efficiency (o* of channels9cell
L B;5 9 ;5 L 5D ch*9cell* 1rom Erlang0: table _ !OS L 5 T* T L ;<*C E9cell* nT L ;<*C 9 5DL
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
258
5 4 2 cell pattern
n L ; ) m L C* D 9 R L s+rt BO B# L B* C 9 . L ;2*; $:* Trunking efficiency , (o* of channels9cell
LB;5 9 2 L BC ch*9cell* 1rom Erlang0: table _ !OS L 5 T* T L 56*6 E9cell* nT L 56*6 9 5C L G6 T*

259
&'6 degree cell sectoring

n L 5 ) m L C* D 9 R L s+rt B O G# L C*6<B* Co0channel interference -
C 9 . L 5B*CBD F D$: $ue to isolation# L 52*CBD $:*
Trunking efficiency ,
(o* of channels9cell L B;5 9 5;
L ;C*<6G* 1rom Erlang0: _ !OSL5T TL <*533B* nT L <*533B 9 ;C*<6G L6D*5;DT*
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
260
References : Motorola CP02 NOKIA SYSTRA
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
261
I. # " Quer" C' +#!+ FFA7=:;;75 Te4,u%Te*!'%"%G04#)*1!'4
Tempus Telcosys
02/09/14
262

Adacell Optimization 130531034006 Phpapp02

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ADA CELLWORKS PVT LTD

THE GSM NETWORK

THE GSM NETWORK CONTINUED

CGI : CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY

CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number

.$entity# (et&or' .$entity =ni+ue To A Sim*

."E. - Serial number uni+ue to each

SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION MODULE (SIM)

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY NUMBER

<23 A 2;6 "7/ 56 "7/ 935 960 MHz 25 MHz

124 100 KHz

#$% &et!or Architecture

%$( '$( .$"&

,+) $%$( E-)

BTS BTS BTS

MS & M'()*e S+#+)'

"obile station %ro,i$es user access to !S"

CLASS ; CLASS 5 CLASS B CLASS C CLASS 6

M'()*e S+#+)' P'-er

53 &atts < &atts 6 &atts 5 &atts 3*< &atts

CC A Country Co$e (DC A (ational Destination Co$e S( A Serial (umber

IMSI (I +er #+)' #* M'()*e Su(%!r)(er I$e +)+")

-%E- /-nternational %obile E9uip3ent -dentit40

SIM ( Su(%!r)(er I$e +)+" M'$u*e) $pace to insert $-% photo

C' +e +% '. SIM

'"$ /'ase "ransceiver $tation0

'$( < 'ase $tation (ontroller

")A* < "ranscoder )ate Adaptation *nit

%$( < %obile $!itching (entre

%$( #%$( %$(

H+) < Ho3e +ocation )egister

A subscri%tion &hen acti,ate$ is registere$ in

/LR & /)%)+) 0 L'!#+)' Re0)%+er

H+) ,+) ,+)

"SC communicates &ith 7LR for

A*( < Authentication (entre

E-) /E9uip3ent -dentit4 )egister0

B)**) 0 Ce +re (BC)

B)**) 0 Ce +re (BC) (!' +11)

OMC & O,er#+)' % # $ M#) +e # !e Ce +re

OMC & O,er#+)' % # $ M#) +e # !e Ce +re

'$( >%( "er3inals

calle$ logical Channels* Logical channels are ma%%e$ on %hysical channels*

Traffic channels- =se$ for s%eech an$ $ata

ra''ic C(annels) C%*

Sync(, C(anels "CC%

:CC7 :roa$cast Control Channels#

BCH(Br'#$!#%+ C2# !' +3$

SC7 Synchronisation Channels#

Station .$entity Co$e#*

BCH(Br'#$!#%+ C2# !' +3$

1CC7 1re+uency Correction Channels#

CCCH(C'44' C2# e*)

RAC7 Ran$om Access Channel#

CCCH(C'44' C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

CCCH(C'44' C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*)

location u%$ate an$ S"S*

DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

SACC7 Slo& Associate$ Control

DCCH(De$)!#+e$ C' +r'* C2# e*) !' +3$

message* Wor' by stealing traffic bursts*

(&. ontrol Parameters*

C' ?'u+)' # !'$er CC

@ C' ?'u+)' # !'$er

C' ?'u+)' # !'$er !' +3$

40 4 a(l >a$( 0 ,( & @ C)%lu ()al C-!$ 456 ,( & *u >u

54 54 -- TBF -6f NC1 6f N

456 ,( & ') $l -a a 114 114