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THEORY OF NORMAL

GROUP
What is Group?
• As no two rounds hit the same point (except
in the rarest of rarest cases), the pattern
formed on the target by a number of rounds
fired with
the same point of aim (POA),
by the same firer,
at the same elevation,
on the same range
is called GROUP
Why no two rounds hit the same
place?
• Ammunition difference e.g charge weight
• Design constraint ( rifling, chamber volume, gas
pressure, etc)
• Quality manufacture
• Heating of barrel
• Stocking
• Weather conditions – humidity, velocity and
direction of wind
• Handling errors
Two characteristics of Firing
• Accuracy
• Consistency
What is MPI?
• It is MEAN POINT of IMPACT
Sequence of Learning
• Squad Post Training
• Group Fire
• Zeroing
• Application Fire
• Range Course
• Competitive Firing
Points of Group
• 4” - 50
• 5” - 48
• 6” - 46
• 7” - 44
• 8” - 42
• 9-10” – 36
• 11-12” – 30
• > 12” – Wash out
Group Analysis
ERRORS IN FIRING
• Aiming – focus not on foresight
incorrect alignment
• Holding
• Trigger Operation – Flinch – hits 11’o clock
Buck – hits 7 o’clock
Jerk – hits 4 o’clock
Left hand tight– hits 7 o’clock
• Positions – do not move
Corrective Instructions
• Understand, explain and improve else
• Blank target practice
• Aiming box exercise
• Trigger operation exercise
• Ball & dummy exercise
ZEROING
• It is done to improve upon MPI and get it
closer to the POA
• It is meant to remove defects of the rifle,
not the firer
• It is to correct the ELEVATION (Up and
Down) and the DEFLECTION (left and
right)
Advantages of Zeroing
• Confidence in self and rifle
• Shoot to kill
• Improve results
When to do Zeroing?
• Doubt on aim
• New rifle
• Change of rifle
• Before competition
• Before OPS
• After major repair
Points to Remember before
Zeroing
• Tuning up
• Weather – clear sky and low wind
• Range correctness
• Use grouping target
• Firer to do zeroing himself else get it done
by a marksman
• Group should be less than 4”
• Use sand bag for firing
Points to Remember before
Zeroing
• Fire 2 rounds before zeroing to heat up the
barrel
• Use ammunition of one lot only
• Foresight to be blackened – no shine
• Rifle to be dry
• Don’t zero with bayonet; magazine
touching the ground
Correct Zeroing means….
• Sight at 200 yards
• At range of 100 yards MPI should be 2”
above POA and group in 4”
Zeroing in SLR
• ELEVATION
MPI to go up – foresight down
MPI to go down – foresight up
This is done by nut locking screw
Turn clockwise F/S down
Turn anticlockwise F/S up
Half circle turn of screw effects 2” at 100*
Can adjust to a maxm of 30”
Zeroing in SLR
• DEFLECTION
MPI to go right – B/S to go right
ie right screw loose, left tight
MPI to go left – B/S to go left
Screw half turn effects 2” at 100*
Maxm adjustment of 20”
Zeroing in .303 rifle
• Change foresight for elevation – 7 types
• Shift foresight for deflection
APPLICATION FIRE
• Do not do error chasing
• Find MPI early and aim as per personal
standards for good application fire

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