1

MECH 221 FLUID MECHANICS

(Fall 06/07)
REVIEW
MECH 221 Review
2
What Have You Learnt?
1. Fluid Statics

2. Fluids in Motions

3. Kinematics of Fluid Motion

4. Integral and Differential Forms of Equations of Motion

5. Dimensional Analysis

6. Inviscid Flows

7. Boundary Layer Flows

8. Flows in Pipes

9. Open Channel Flows

On coming week lectures
MECH 221 Review
3
Fluid Statics
It is to calculate the fluid pressure when the
fluid is no moving

Shear stress is due to relative motion of fluid,
so no shear stress and only normal stress
(Pressure) acting on the fluid

The fluid pressure is only due to body force,
Gravitational Force


MECH 221 Review
4
Fluid Statics
Fluid pressure will increase when the position
of the fluid become deeper, we have following
equation:


g
dz
dp
=
z
y
x
g
0
MECH 221 Review
5
Fluid Statics
Total force acting on the surface become:


} }
+ = =

hdA g A p pdA F
atm

MECH 221 Review
6
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
2 sets equations for solving fluid motion problems

Conservation of Mass



Conservation of Momentum



dV pd d dV ) (
t
S ) t ( V S ) t ( V
g s s
}} }}} }} }}}
+ = - +
c
c
vv v
0 d dV
t
S ) t ( V
= - +
c
c
}} }}}
s v

MECH 221 Review

7
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
By invoking the continuity equation, the
momentum equation becomes Eulers
equation of motion

Bernoulli equation is a special form of the
Eulers equation along a streamline





constant z = + +
2
g
2
v p

Along streamline incompressible flow

MECH 221 Review
8
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
A conical plug is used to regulate the air flow
from the pipe. The air leaves the edge of the
cone with a uniform thickness of 0.02m. If
viscous effects are negligible and the flowrate
is 0.05m
3
/s, determine the pressure within the
pipe.



MECH 221 Review
9
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
Procedure:
Choose the reference point
From the Bernoulli equation
P, V, Z all are unknowns
For same horizontal level, Z
1
=Z
2
Flowrate conservation
Q=AV



MECH 221 Review
10
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
From the Bernoulli equation,

) (
2
2 2
z z level, l horizontia same at the
Since,
z
2
z
2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
v v p p
g
v
g
p
g
v
g
p
g
v
g
p
g
v
g
p
=
+ = +
=
+ + = + +

MECH 221 Review
11
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)
From flowrate conservation,

s
m
v
s
m
v
m rt A
m
D
A
m r m t m D
s
m
Q
v A v A Q
894 . 19 0251 . 0 / 5 . 0
034 . 12 0415 . 0 / 5 . 0
Therefore,
0251 . 0 ) 02 . 0 )( 2 . 0 ( 2 2
0415 . 0
4
23 . 0
4
2 . 0 , 02 . 0 , 23 . 0 , 5 . 0 Given
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
1
3
2 2 1 1
= =
= =
= = =
= = =
= = = =
= =
t t
t t
MECH 221 Review
12
Fluid In Motion (Inviscid Flow)

2
1
2 2
1
2 2
3
2 1
2
1
2
2 2 1
565 . 148
) 034 . 12 894 . 19 (
2
184 . 1
0
0 p point, reference becomes p Set
184 . 1 C, 25 atm, air@1 standard For
894 . 19 , 034 . 12
) (
2
m
N
p
p
m
kg
s
m
v
s
m
v
v v p p
=
=
=
=
= =
=

Sub. into the Bernoulli equation,

MECH 221 Review
13
Fluid In Motion (Viscous Flow)
In the mentioned fluid motion is inviscid
flows, only pressure forces act on the fluid
since the viscous forces (stress) were
neglected

With the viscous stress, the total stress on
the fluid is the sum of pressure stress ( )
and viscous stress ( ) given by:

+ =
p

MECH 221 Review
14
Fluid In Motion (Viscous Flow)
The substitution of the viscous stress into the
momentum equations leads to:




These equations are also named as the
Navier-Stokes equations


b + V + V = V +
c
c
- - ) ( ) ( p ) (
t
vv v
MECH 221 Review
15
Dimensional Analysis
The objective of dimensional analysis is to obtain
the key non-dimensional parameters that govern
the physical phenomena of flows

After the dimensional analysis or normalization of
the complicated Navier-Stokes equations (steady
flow), the non-dimensional parameters are
identified

The equations are reduced to simple equation
and solvable analytically under certain conditions


MECH 221 Review
16
Dimensional Analysis
By using proper scales, the variables, velocity
(u), pressure (p) and length (L) are
normalized to obtain the non-dimensional
variables, which are order one

*
U
gL
UL
p
U
P
*
g
2
2
2
i v v v
* * *
+ V + V =
|
.
|

\
|
-
V -
- -

V = V = =
- - -
L P p p U / / v v
direction nal gravitatio in r unit vecto
*
g
= i
MECH 221 Review
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Dimensional Analysis
For simplicity consider the case where the
gravitational force has no consequence to the
dynamic of the flow, the Navier-Stokes
equations becomes
UL

= Re

,
Re
1
2
*
2
* *
v v v
* - -
V + V =
|
.
|

\
|
-
V - p
U
P

,
Re
1
2
* * *
v v v
* - -
V + V =
|
.
|

\
|
-
V - p
When Re >> 1
scale pressure as
2
U P =
MECH 221 Review
18
Inviscid Flow Vs. Boundary Layer Flow



where is the viscous diffusion length in an
advection time interval of .



Here, measures the time required for
fluid travel a distance L.
2
2 2
v
L
U / L
L UL
Re
o v v
= = = =
force viscous
force inertia
v
o
U / L
U / L
a
=
a
U / L v v o
v
= =
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow Vs. Boundary Layer Flow
When , inertia force is much greater than
viscous force, i.e., the viscous diffusion distance is
much less than the length L.

Viscous force is unimportant in the flow region of
, but can become very important in the region of
near the solid boundary.

This flow region near the solid boundary is called an
boundary layer as first illustrated by Prandtl.
1 >> Re
) ( O
v
o
) L ( O
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow Vs. Boundary Layer Flow
Flow in the region outside the boundary
layer where viscous force is negligible is
inviscid. The inviscid flow is also called the
potential flow.


U
v
o
Boundary layer flow Potential flow
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow
Inviscid flow implies that the viscous effect is
negligible. The governing equations are
Continuity equation and Euler equation.

We introduce a potential function, which is
automatically satisfy the continuity equation


| V = v
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
z y x
| | |
|
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow
The continuity equation becomes Laplace
equation. The flow is described by Laplace
equation is called potential flow

For 2D potential flows, a stream function (x,y)
can also be defined together with |(x,y)


x y y x c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c | |
and
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow
If |
1
and |
2
are two potential flows, the sum
|=(|
1
+|
2
) also constitutes a potential flow

We can combine certain basic solutions to
obtain more complicated solution

+ =
MECH 221 Review
24
Inviscid Flow
Uniform Flow Stagnation Flow Source (Sink) Free Vortex
Source
and Sink
Doublet
Source in
Uniform Stream
2-D Rankine
Ovals
Flows Around a
Circular Cylinder
Basic Potential Flows
Combined Potential Flows
MECH 221 Review
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Inviscid Flow
For stagnation flow,
MECH 221 Review
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Boundary Layer Flow
The thin layer adjacent to a solid boundary is
called the boundary layer and the flow inside
the layer is called the boundary layer flow

Inside the thin layer the velocity of the fluid
increases from zero at the wall (no slip) to the
full value of corresponding potential flow.

MECH 221 Review
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Boundary Layer Flow
There exists a leading edge for all external
flows. The boundary layer flow developing from
leading edge is laminar


MECH 221 Review
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Boundary Layer Flow
When we normalize the governing equations with
Re underneath the viscous term and resolve the
variables of y and v inside the boundary flow, the
non-dimensional normalized variables are selected:


V
v
v
U
u
u
y
y
L
x
x
L
= = = =
- - - -
, , ,
o
V be the scale of v in the boundary layer
o
L
is viscous diffusion layer near the wall (boundary layer)

MECH 221 Review
29
Boundary Layer Flow
These results in the boundary layer equations that
in dimensional form are given by:
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y x
v u
2
2
y
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

y
p
c
c
= 0
Continuity:
X-momentum:
Y-momentum:
MECH 221 Review
30
Boundary Layer Flow
A boundary layer flow is similar and its velocity
profile as normalized by U

depends only on the

normalized distance from the wall:



i.e.,
y
x
U y
x
2 / 1
|
.
|

\
|
= =

v o
q
( ) q g
U
u
=

(*)
MECH 221 Review
31
Boundary Layer Flow
By introduce a stream function



The boundary layer equation in term of the
similarity variables becomes:

) (
'
q

f U
y
u

=
c
c
=
( ) ( ) q f xv U
2
1

=
= = = q q f f f
' '
as and at 1 0 0
0 2 = +
' ' ' ' '
ff f
(**)
MECH 221 Review
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After we solve this ordinary equation, we obtain a
solution of

We first find the value of by Equ. (*) based on
coordinate of x and y, then find out the value of
by checking the solution table in the reference. Finally
the u at x and y is calculated by Equ. (**)

Therefore, we obtain following results:

Boundary Layer Flow
5

=
U
vx
o
) (
'
q f
) (
'
q f
q
x
w
U
Re
332 . 0
2

=

t
x
f
C
Re
664 . 0
=
MECH 221 Review
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Boundary Layer Flow
Laminar boundary layer flow can become
unstable and evolve to turbulent boundary
layer flow at down stream. This process is
called transition
MECH 221 Review
34
Boundary Layer Flow
Under typical flow conditions, transition usually
occurs at a Reynolds number of 5 x 10
5

Velocity profile of turbulent boundary layer flows is
unsteady

A good approximation to the mean velocity profile
for turbulent boundary layer is the empirical 1/7
power-law profile given by


7
1
|
.
|

\
|
=

o
y
U
u
MECH 221 Review
35
Boundary Layer Flow
( )
5
1
Re
37 . 0
x
x
=
o
5
1 2
Re
0577 . 0
2 /
x
w
f
U
C = =

t
4
1
2
00225 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

o
t
U
v
U
w
For turbulent boundary layer, empirically we
have





MECH 221 Review
36
Boundary Layer Flow
The net force, F, acting on the body



The resultant force, F, can be decomposed into
parallel and perpendicular components. The
component parallel to the direction of motion is
called the drag, D, and the component
perpendicular to the direction of motion is called
the lift, L.
} } }
+ = =
. . . . . . s b
shear
s b
pressure
s b
d d d F F F F
MECH 221 Review
37
If i is the unit vector in the body motion direction,
then magnitude of drag F
D
becomes:



For two-dimensional flows, we can denotes j as
the unit vector normal to the flow direction, F
L
is
the magnitude of lift and is determined by:



Boundary Layer Flow
) (
s s
. .
i t n i - - + = =
}
dA dA p F
w
s b
D
t F
j t n j - - + = =
}
) (
s s
. .
dA dA p F
w
s b
L
t F
Pressure Drag
Friction Drag
MECH 221 Review
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The drag coefficient defined as




For uniform flow passing a flat plate and no
pressure gradient is zero and no flow separation, :






Boundary Layer Flow
2
2
/ A U
F
C
D
D

=

Re
072 . 0
5
1
L
D
C =
v
UL
C
L
L
D
= = Re
Re
328 . 1
where
Laminar Friction Drag
Turbulent Friction Drag
MECH 221 Review
39
Boundary Layer Flow



The pressure drag is usually associated with
flow separation which provide the pressure
difference between the front and rear faces of
the body

For low velocity flows passing a sphere of
diameter D, the drag coefficient then is expressed
as:

D
D
D
A U
F
C
Re
24
2 /
2
= =

direction flow the in sphere the of area projected the is where 4

2
/ D A =