STANDAR KOMPETENSI:

2. Understanding the history of the formation of the earth

BASIC COMPETENCY:
2.1 Describe the solar system and universe
2.2 Explain the history of the formation of the earth

INDICATORS:
Explaining the theory of the solar system and universe
Explain the difference assumptions about the universe and the
universe
Describe the process of the earth
Identify the characteristics of the earth perlapisan
Analyze the theory of plate tectonics and its relation with the
spread of volcanoes and earthquakes
 Natural universe is a vast universe
(not measured), including millions of
celestial bodies, and thousands of
gas mist.
 THEORY
BIG EXPLOSION

THEORY Universe expand THEORY

STATE FIXED
Big Bang Theory
According to this theory, ancient galaxies close to each other once. With
so maybe all the galaxies in the universe originated from a single mass.
In a single mass, the universe has a temperature and enormous energy.
For that only great explosion that can destroy a single mass
into pieces as the beginning of the universe.
Theory Universe Expands Kingdom
Dikemukan according to this theory and observations by the research results
Georges-Henri Lemaitre (1927) and supported by Edwin
Hubble (1929). According to this theory the universe to move apart
that expand into wide.

Theory of the Permanent Things

The theory pioneered by Fred Hoyle argued that the material
New (hydrogen) is created each time to fill the empty space
arising from the development of the universe. In this case the universe
will continue to always look the same.
GALAXY SOLAR SYSTEM

STAR
 The galaxy is a system of immense constellation in which
there are millions of stars and heavenly bodies other as
members of which revolves around the center with a regular
movement. The shape of galaxies in the universe there is a
spiral, spiral trunked, elliptical, and irregular
Stars are celestial bodies have their own light from within the core
reaction. According to the laws of physics, the star has bluish-white
light has a high temperature, the more red or yellow, the lower.
Degree of light power is determined by the magnitude star. The smaller
the magnitude of a star, the brighter the star light.
The solar system is a group of celestial bodies composed of the sun
surrounded by planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, and
meteors. At least two assumptions about our universe, namely
Geocentris and Heliocentris
GEOCENTRIS
HELIOCENTRIS
GEOCENTRIS

HELIOCENTRI
S
 THEORY fog THEORY
(NEBULA) Planetesimal

THEORY THEORY THEORY

Tidal VORTEKS PROTOPLANET
 HYPOTHESES FOG
• Introduced by Germany
philosopher named Immanuel
Kant (1755)
This theory states that the sun
and the planets come from an
incandescent fog of twisting in
the universe. Because of
rotation, some of the mass of
the fog off, forming rings
around the main part of the
mist. In turn, the bracelet was
forming clots that eventually
froze and formed the planets
Planetesimal
• Introduced by a geologist
named TC Chamberlin and an
astronomer named FR
Moulton
This theory states that the
solar system formed from the
incandescent mist, where the
fog is dense material which is
called Planetesimal scattered.
Each of these solid objects
have gravity that results in the
mutual attraction between
each other. Finally, gradually
forming a big lump called a
planet

Tidal THEORY OF STAR
• Vortek theory put forward by Karl
• This theory was put forward by
James Jean and Harold Jeffreys
(1917)
This theory states that long ago
there was a star passing near the
sun. The existence of the star
attractions at the surface of the
sun causes the tides happen like
tidal sea water on the earth due to
gravity months. Attractive force
causes the mass of the sun
partially separated and formed the
planets
VORTEK THEORY AND
PROTOPLANET
Von Weiszacker. This theory states
that the mass of fog (nebula)
consists of vorteks (vortex) which is
the nature of gas movement.
Movement of gas in the nebula,
causing the cells patterns the
turbulent (turbulent). At the
boundary between turbulent cells,
there antarpartikel collision that
enlarges and becomes a planet.
Protoplanet theory proposed by
Gerard P. Kuiper. This theory states
that the planet formed through the
seething (turbelensi) nebula that
help collision Planetesimal, thus
expanding the protoplanet
Planetesimal and later became the
planet
 Stage when the earth is a planet that has not
Part 1 happened homogeneous or differentiated and
zonafikasi

The process of differentiation, ie materials heavier

iron sank toward the center of the earth and the
Part 2 lighter material moves to the surface

Zonafikasi process, the point when the earth is

divided into several zones or layers, namely a
Part 3 solid iron core, a liquid iron core, lower
mantle, transition zone, the liquid
asthenosphere and lithosphere consisting of
continental crust and oceanic crust
 THEORY Theory
CONTRACTIONS THEORY
Laurasia & Gondwana

THEORY
Floaters BENUA Theory
(Continental drift) Convection currents

Theory
THEORY
Shift
Plate tectonics
Seabed
1) This theory dikemukan by Descartes
2) This theory states that the earth's crust had shrinkage due to cooling of the
interior of the earth due to heat conduction.
3) Shrinkage-shrinkage caused the earth became uneven.
1) The theory was expressed by Alfred Wegener in 1912
According to Wegener, the surface of the earth in the beginning there was
only one large continent called Pangea, and an ocean called Tethys
Continent is then moved slowly toward the equator and west to reach this
position now.
1) Originally a scientist named AntonioSnidar-Pellegrini said that the continents,
especially Africa and South America, a continent that has united
2) rank B Taylor (1910) stated that at first there were only two continents on
earth, Laurasia and Gondwana.
3) The two continents are then moved slowly toward the equator so that
fragmented to form the continents look now.
4) South America, Africa and Australia used together in Gondwanaland.
1) The theory is the result of a shift in ocean development of the theory of
convection
2) Publications by a geologist named Robert Diaz
3) Seabed topography studies found evidence of a shift from the bottom of
the sea bottom to the back of both sides
BASIC THEORY OF OCEAN SHIFTS
Publications by a character named Holmes (1923)
This theory states that the convection flow occurs in the vertical direction in the
asthenosphere layer is rather thick
Convection flow that crept into the rocky crust of the earth causes the earth's crust
are tender. Flow motion of the earth's surface to cause uneven
This theory was proposed by Mc Kenzie and Robert Parker
A refinement of previous theories (theory of contraction, Laurasia-Gondwana
theory, theory of continent floaters, the theory of convection currents, and
ocean floor drift theory
The theory states that the earth's crust and lithosphere that floats on the
asthenosphere is considered a single layer of interconnected plates.
Convection currents that flow out of the back of the sea spread to both sides,
while the other part will go back into and mixed with the material in that
layer.
Areas where the entry of such materials is the fault of the mark in the ocean
trenches and volcanic island
At this moment in the earth's surface there are 6 major plates, namely:
1. Eurasian Plate, the region covering Europe, Asia, and the suburbs, including
Indonesia
2. American Plate, the region covering North America, South America, and
half of the western Atlantic Ocean
3. African Plate, covering Africa region, half of the eastern Atlantic Ocean,
and northwest Indian Ocean
4. Pacific Plate, covering the entire plate area in the Pacific Ocean
5. Indo-Australian plate, cover plate wilayanhnya Indian Ocean and the Indian
subcontinent and western Australia
6. Antarctic Plate, covering the continental Antarctic region and the Antarctic
Ocean plate
Saling Tumbuk Pergeseran Mendatar
(Konvergen) (Transform Fault)

Saling Menjauh
(Divergent Junction)
• There volcanism activity (intrusion & extrusion)
• Hiposentra area is shallow and the earthquake
• Menujam ocean floor plates under continental plate (subduction
zones)
• Sea trench formed in the collision
• Swelling of the continental plate, which is a mountain range
• The destruction of the plates due to the friction plates
• Mixed sediment pile
• Examples formation caused by the interaction of these plates is the
Himalayas, Mindanao Trench, mountain path in Indonesia (sirkum
Mediterranean & sirkum Pacific), and Kep. Japanese
• Perenggangan plate with both sides of the plate pertumbukan the
• The formation of the ocean floor dike (mid oceanic ridge) along the
plate perenggangan
• Activity of deep-sea volcanism produces lava pillow base structure
and the expanse of lava leleran dilute
• Earthquake activity at the bottom of the sea and surrounding
• Example: in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean stretching near the
north pole to near the south pole, the gap causes the Americas to
move away with Continental Europe and Africa
• There are activities that weak volcanism that is not
accompanied by strong earthquake
• Cause formation folds and faults, such as the San
Andreas fault in the U.S.
• There are mountains and valleys
WITH regard plate tectonics volcanoes
spread of G. EARTHQUAKE AND
There are mountains and valleys
Outer layer of the earth
Consists of continental crust / continental plates (40 km thick) and oceanic
crust / oceanic plate (8 km thick)
Continental crust is composed of granite rocks with low density and
Silisium containing aluminum (Si-Al) and the oceanic crust is
composed of basalt rock containing Silisium and magnesium (Si-Ma)
with high density
Si-Al layer has a density = + 2.8 g/cm3, and a layer of Si-Ma has a density
= 3.2 g/cm3
95% of the lithosphere is composed of igneous
The top layer of the lithosphere is a sedimentary rock
Between the earth's crust and mantle layer is limited by a layer called
layer mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho), which is a layer which
changes physical properties of the sharp contrast between the crust
and mantle, especially the density and elasticity of rocks
Earth's magnetic poles at the BBU is located near latitude 73o,
longitude Islands 100oB in Canada, whereas the Earth's magnetic
poles near BBS 68oS latitude, longitude, at the end of the Antarctic
146oT
Layer between the Earth's crust and core of the Earth
Consists of two layers, which are liquid and solid character. Mantle layer
called the asthenosphere is liquid, this layer near the earth's crust
Approximately 80% of the volume of Earth is the coat
Composed of the minerals iron and silicate megnesium
There convection currents that cause large pressure
Earth's core consists of iron and nickel metal (NiFe)
Core radius of Earth = + 3370 km
Si-Al layer has a density + 10 gr/cm3
Earth's core can be divided into the core 2 and outer core. Is the solid core
and outer core is liquid
Is the cause of Earth's magnetic fi