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BODY COORDINATION
Nervous coordination
Controlled by nervous system Eg; walking, reading, looking, senses
Hormonal coordination
Controlled by endocrine system
If a certain of your nervous system does not function properly, then you can be paralysed.
Brain
Spinal Cord
Brain
Spinal cord
It is the control centre of the body. Brain: control all activities of the body Spinal cord: control the reflex actions
It receives impulses form the acceptor/receptor (sensory organs), interpret it and sends new impulse to the acceptor (muscle and gland). Impulse: the electrical signals carrying messages
B)
Function: to transmit impulses from the sensory organ or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle or the gland. The peripheral nervous system is divided into: Somatic nervous system: control all voluntary actions Spinal nerve: walking, scratching, writing (limbs, skin and abdomen) Cranial nerve: talking, smiling, seeing (head and neck)
THE NEURONE
A neurone is a basic unit of the nervous system. Function: to carry impulses
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Node of ranvier
cytoplasm
dendron dendrite
myelin sheath
Nerve ending
Dendrite
Receives impulses from other neurone and transmit them to cell body
Dendrite that carries impulses towards the cell body
Dendron
Axon
Myelin sheath
TYPES OF NEURONES
CHARACTERIS TICS
SENSORY
RELAY
MOTOR
CHARACTERIS TICS
SENSORY
RELAY
MOTOR
MOVEMENT Sensory OF organ IMPULSE (acceptor) central nervous system FUNCTION Carries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous system
Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector (muscles and glands)
has a cell body containing nucleus, dendron, dendrite and axon main role is to receive and transmit impulses
The
It
The
arc.
SPINAL CORD
Stimulus
Synapse:
a tiny space that allow impulse to travel from one neurone to another in one direction
Kinaesthetic sense enable us to be aware of the movement and position of the limbs to maintain balance. Importance: help in maintaining balance and body coordination. Examples: Playing piano Buttoning shirt without looking Combing hair without looking
PROPRIOCEPTORS/STRETCH RECEPTORS
Found in muscle, ligaments, tendons and joints. Responsible for kinaesthetic senses to maintain the body balance and coordination without looking at. Detect the movement, change of position, muscle stretching and contraction.
CEREBRUM -control voluntary actions: mental activity,senses and muscle movement -Largest part
Protected
by cranium.
Outer
layer is grey matter consists of cell bodies. highly folded to increase the surface area. into right and left cerebral hemisphere which control opposite side of the body movements.
Is
Divided
Speech
Vision Smell and taste
Yes
No
Cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Pathway of impulse
Speed of response
Hormones: chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream.
Characteristics: Protein Released in small quantities Specific to target organs Slow to respond
Endocrine glands (ductless glands): coordinate body activities in respond to stimuli by secreting hormones.
PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND (Thyroxine, contains Iodine) -Located in the neck region (in front of trachea) -Controls the bodys metabolic rate -To stimulate growth and mental development
-Located at the base of cerebrum -Known as master glands, produce more hormones) -Controls water absorptions from the kidney -Stimulates growth
PANCREAS
-Prepares the body to meet emergency situations - To increase heartbeat and respiration
TESTIS (testosterone) -Protected by scrotum -Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics (deepening of the voice, growth of beard) -Controls sperms production
OVARY (oestrogen, progesterone) -Located in the abdomen -Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics (development of breasts, menstrual cycle) -Controls eggs/ovum production
Acromegaly (adult)
Thyroxine (thyroid) Exophthalmic goitre -Stunted physical and mental (children) -Goitre -Lack of energy (adult)
EFFECT OF
OVER SECRETION Low blood sugar level (hypoglecemia)- shock and coma UNDER SECRETION High blood sugar level (hyperglecemia)
SIMILARITIES
NERVOUS COORDINATION
Both involve the passing of information and To control and coordinate functions and activities of organs in the body
HORMONAL COORDINATION
NERVOUS COORDINATION
DIFFERENCES
HORMONAL COORDINATION
Consists of
Impulses are sent through Speed of impulses
Slow Widespread, permanent, irreversible Target organs only Slow, diffuse, long lasting
Effect
Target area
Rapid, short-lived
Response
CONCLUSION
The Importance Of Nervous System And Hormonal System Coordination: To ensure body functions such as physical, chemical and physiological responses occur at their optimum level. It ensures that if one system is not able to respond, then the other will compensate.
Drugs are externally administered chemical substances that affect the chemical reactions within the body.
BENEFICIAL OF DRUGS
TYPES OF DRUGS
Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine) -more energetic, violent, reduce sleepiness
Inhalants (glue, paint thinner) -cause hallucinations, damage to brain, kidney, lungs
DRUGS
stimulates affect slows down
Nervous system
causes
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS
Contain ethanol
Effects of Alcohol