You are on page 1of 46

CHAPTER 2

BODY COORDINATION

2.1 BODY COORDINATION


Definition: the adjustment of our bodys reaction towards any stimulus. Example: reaction to temperature change

TYPES OF BODY COORDINATION

Nervous coordination
Controlled by nervous system Eg; walking, reading, looking, senses

Hormonal coordination
Controlled by endocrine system

(voluntary and involuntary action)

Eg: growth, level of glucose, controlling blood concentration

IMPORTANCE OF BODY COORDINATION


Enables all body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and respond towards them Helping us to avoid injuries or dangers Enables us to adapt to the changes around us

If a certain of your nervous system does not function properly, then you can be paralysed.

2.2 THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM


Human Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Controlled) Cranial Nerves (from brain) Spinal Nerves (from spinal cord) Autonomic Nervous System (Not Controlled)

Brain

Spinal Cord

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM


Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Brain
Spinal cord

Cranial nerve Spinal nerve

A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is the control centre of the body. Brain: control all activities of the body Spinal cord: control the reflex actions

It receives impulses form the acceptor/receptor (sensory organs), interpret it and sends new impulse to the acceptor (muscle and gland). Impulse: the electrical signals carrying messages

B)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Function: to transmit impulses from the sensory organ or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle or the gland. The peripheral nervous system is divided into: Somatic nervous system: control all voluntary actions Spinal nerve: walking, scratching, writing (limbs, skin and abdomen) Cranial nerve: talking, smiling, seeing (head and neck)

Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary actions (internal organs)

THE NEURONE
A neurone is a basic unit of the nervous system. Function: to carry impulses

Cell body

Nucleus

Axon

Node of ranvier

cytoplasm

dendron dendrite

myelin sheath

Nerve ending

NEURONE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS


Neurone part Cell body Function Control all activities of the neurone

Dendrite

Receives impulses from other neurone and transmit them to cell body
Dendrite that carries impulses towards the cell body

Dendron

Axon
Myelin sheath

Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body


-Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses -Increases the speed of impulse transmission

Nodes of ranvier Small gaps separating myelin sheath

TYPES OF NEURONES

Neurones are divided into three types based on their functions:

COMPARISON OF THREE TYPES OF NEURONE

CHARACTERIS TICS

SENSORY

RELAY

MOTOR

POSITION In the OF CELL middle of BODY neurone LENGTH OF AXON Short

At the centre At the end of neurone of neurone Changes Long

CHARACTERIS TICS

SENSORY

RELAY

MOTOR

MOVEMENT Sensory OF organ IMPULSE (acceptor) central nervous system FUNCTION Carries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous system

Sensory neurone motor neurone in the central

relay neurone in the central muscle (effectors)

Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector (muscles and glands)

SIMILARITIES OF THE THREE TYPES OF


NEURONE
Each

has a cell body containing nucleus, dendron, dendrite and axon main role is to receive and transmit impulses

The

REFLEX ACTION (INVOLUNTARY)


Definition:

automatic reaction by an external stimulus without the involvement of thinking.

It

takes place in the spinal cord.


path of reflex action is called a reflex

The

arc.

SPINAL CORD

Connect the brain with the rest of body parts.

REFLEX ARC IN THE KNEE-JERK REACTION

FLOW CHART OF A REFLEX ARC


Automatic Response Effector Motor Neurone Relay Neurone Synapses

Stimulus

Receptor Sensory Neurone Synapses

Synapse:

a tiny space that allow impulse to travel from one neurone to another in one direction

2.4 THE ROLE OF PROPRIOCEPTORS IN MAINTAINING


BALANCE AND COORDINATION

Kinaesthetic sense enable us to be aware of the movement and position of the limbs to maintain balance. Importance: help in maintaining balance and body coordination. Examples: Playing piano Buttoning shirt without looking Combing hair without looking

PROPRIOCEPTORS/STRETCH RECEPTORS

Found in muscle, ligaments, tendons and joints. Responsible for kinaesthetic senses to maintain the body balance and coordination without looking at. Detect the movement, change of position, muscle stretching and contraction.

2.5 HUMAN BRAIN

CEREBRUM -control voluntary actions: mental activity,senses and muscle movement -Largest part

MEDULLA OBLONGATA -connected to spinal cord -control involuntary actions

CEREBELLUM -coordinate body balance -coordinate muscle movement

Protected

by cranium.

Outer

layer is grey matter consists of cell bodies. highly folded to increase the surface area. into right and left cerebral hemisphere which control opposite side of the body movements.

Is

Divided

Motor centre (movement) Thinking, memory, learning

Touching (sense in skin and muscle) Hearing

Speech
Vision Smell and taste

DIFFERENT CONTROLLING PARTS IN THE BRAIN

THE HUMAN BRAIN

EFFECTS OF INJURY TO A CERTAIN REGION OF


THE BRAIN
Smell and taste -loss in the ability of smell and taste Motor centre -paralysis Hearing region -deafness Sight region -blindness

Cerebellum -lose body balance Medula oblongata -fatal injury: death

VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS


VOLUNTARY DIFFERENCES INVOLUNTARY

Somatic nervous system

Nervous system involved Controlled by desire or not Part of brain in control

Autonomic nervous system

Yes

No

Cerebrum

Medulla oblongata

Impulse flows through the cerebrum


Can be slow down or fast

Pathway of impulse

Impulse flows through the medula oblongata


Very fast

Speed of response

2.6 HORMONAL COORDINATION

Hormones: chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream.

Characteristics: Protein Released in small quantities Specific to target organs Slow to respond

Endocrine glands (ductless glands): coordinate body activities in respond to stimuli by secreting hormones.

PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID GLAND (Thyroxine, contains Iodine) -Located in the neck region (in front of trachea) -Controls the bodys metabolic rate -To stimulate growth and mental development

-Located at the base of cerebrum -Known as master glands, produce more hormones) -Controls water absorptions from the kidney -Stimulates growth

PANCREAS

ADRENAL GLAND (adrenaline) -Located below the stomach

-Located above the kidney


-Controls the glucose concentration -Insulin (decrease the glucose concentration) -Glucagon (increase the glucose concentration)

-Prepares the body to meet emergency situations - To increase heartbeat and respiration

TESTIS (testosterone) -Protected by scrotum -Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics (deepening of the voice, growth of beard) -Controls sperms production

OVARY (oestrogen, progesterone) -Located in the abdomen -Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics (development of breasts, menstrual cycle) -Controls eggs/ovum production

THE EFFECTS OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE


EFFECT OF HORMONES OVER SECRETION Growth hormone (pituitary) Gigantism (child) UNDER SECRETION Dwarfism

Acromegaly (adult)
Thyroxine (thyroid) Exophthalmic goitre -Stunted physical and mental (children) -Goitre -Lack of energy (adult)

Protuding eyeballs Goitre (swelling neck)

HORMONES Insulin (pancreas)

EFFECT OF
OVER SECRETION Low blood sugar level (hypoglecemia)- shock and coma UNDER SECRETION High blood sugar level (hyperglecemia)

High sugar level in urine (diabetes)


Oestrogen (ovary) Early puberty Extreme feminine characteristics Progesterone (ovary) Testosterone (testis) Miscarriage Menstrual disorder Early puberty Extreme masculine characteristics Late puberty Low sperm count Late puberty

2.7 COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS


SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SIMILARITIES

NERVOUS COORDINATION

Both involve the passing of information and To control and coordinate functions and activities of organs in the body

HORMONAL COORDINATION

COMPARISON BETWEEN NERVOUS COORDINATION AND


HORMONAL COORDINATION

NERVOUS COORDINATION

DIFFERENCES

HORMONAL COORDINATION

Neurones (electrical impulse) Nerve fibres

Consists of
Impulses are sent through Speed of impulses

Hormone (chemical substances) Blood circulatory system

Fast Localised, temporary, reversible Muscles, glands

Slow Widespread, permanent, irreversible Target organs only Slow, diffuse, long lasting

Effect

Target area

Rapid, short-lived

Response

CONCLUSION

The Importance Of Nervous System And Hormonal System Coordination: To ensure body functions such as physical, chemical and physiological responses occur at their optimum level. It ensures that if one system is not able to respond, then the other will compensate.

2.8 EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON BODY


COORDINATION AND HEALTH

Drugs are externally administered chemical substances that affect the chemical reactions within the body.
BENEFICIAL OF DRUGS

Antibiotics to treat diseases caused by bacteria (penicillin)

Drugs taken under medical supervision (steroids)

To relieve pain (anaesthetics, analgesics like aspirin)

TYPES OF DRUGS
Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine) -more energetic, violent, reduce sleepiness

Depressants (barbiturate, sleeping pill) -sleepy and slow to respond

Hallucinogens (marijuana, LSD) -hears voices, distortion of perception

Inhalants (glue, paint thinner) -cause hallucinations, damage to brain, kidney, lungs

Narcotics (opium, morphine, heroin) -relieve pain, induce sleeps

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON BODY


COORDINATION

DRUGS
stimulates affect slows down

Heart beat, breathing rate, blood pressure (eg: stimulants)

Nervous system

Heart beart, breathing rate, blood pressure (eg: depressants)

causes

Energetic, active, erratic, and violent behaviour

Distortion of perception, hallucinations, illusions

Slow reaction to stimuli, sleepy, poor muscular coordination

2.9 EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF


ALCOHOL

ALCOHOLIC DRINKS

Contain ethanol

Made from cereals or fruit

Soluble in fats and water -gets easily into the bloodstream

Slows down brain function, damage brain cells

Poor hearing, blurry eyesight, slow reaction

Damage liver cells, cirrhosis (hardening of liver)

Affects central nervous system

Effects of Alcohol

High blood pressure, stroke

2.10 THE IMPORTANCE OF A SOUND AND A


HEALTHY MIND
THE MIND
Influenced by
Definition of mind The ability to think and reason. a) Healthy mind b) Internal factors Example: shorttempered, caring, positive attitude, rational, b) Unhealthy mind Example: low selfesteem, hot-tempered Examples: -hormonal imbalance -drug abuse -excessive consumption of alcohol -brain injury a) External factors Examples: -mental stress -social factor

You might also like