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Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.I r. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Mechanical Engineering Departement
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FLUID
a substance that deforms continuously
when acted on by a shearing stress of any
magnitude

Gas
compressible fluid

Liquid
incompressible fluid

Definitions
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Dynamic viscosity ML
-1
T
-1

Kinematic viscosity v L
2
T
-1

Density ML
-3

Specific Weight ML
-2
T
-2

Surface tension o MT
-2

Bulk mod of elasticity E ML
-1
T
-2
Some Fluid Properties - Dimension and Units
4
Solid Deformation
For elastic solids, such as steel, the small angular
displacement, o| (called the shearing strain), is
proportional to the shearing stress, t that is developed in
the material.
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Fluid Deformation
When the force P is applied to the upper plate, it will move
continuously with a velocity, U
The fluid in contact with the upper plate moves with the plate
velocity, U
The fluid in contact with the bottom fixed plate has a zero velocity
(no slip condition)
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Fluid Deformation
The fluid between the two plates moves with velocity u = u(y) that
would be vary linearly, u = Uy/b
A velocity gradient, du/dy is developed in the fluid between the
plates du/dy = U/b

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Fluid Deformation
As the shearing stress t is increased by increasing P, the rate of
shearing strain is increased in direct proportion
( Newtons Law
for viscos flow )
Absolut viscosity/
Dynamic viscosity/
viscosity
A measure of fluid
resistance to the
deformation when
experiencing a shear
stress
t

dy
du
t
dy
du
t =
8
The actual value of the viscosity depends on the
particular fluid, and for a particular fluid the viscosity
is also highly dependent on temperature.
This difference is due to the difference in molecular
structure.

With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of:
liquids decreases viscosity mechanism is related to
intermolecular cohesive force
gases an increase viscosity mechanism is related to the
exchange of momentum of gas molecules
Viscosity
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10
a. Dynamic Viscosity
( ) /m.s kg Pa.s
m
N.s

2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
At 20
o
C
Water = 1,14 x 10
-3
Ns/m
2

Air = 1,78 x 10
-5
Ns/m
2
Viscosity
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b. Kinematic Viscosity
(viskositas kinematik)

2
m

S

| |
=
|
\ .
At 20
o
C
Water = 1,14 x 10
-6
m
2
/s
Air = 1,46 x 10
-5
m
2
/s
Viscosity
12
Newtonian & Non Newtonian Fluids
1. Newtonian Fluid
Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the
rate of shearing strain

du/dy
t
=
13
2. Non Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to
the rate of shearing strain
(pseudoplastic)
(dilatant)
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Bingham plastic
Toothpaste, mayonnaise, rivers slurries, drilling
mud etc.

Shear thinning fluid (pseudoplastic)
colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions, latex
paint, etc

Shear thickening fluid (dilatant)
water-corn starch mixture, water-sand mixture

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Equation for Non Newtonian Fluid
n
dy
du
k
|
|
.
|

\
|
= t
k = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index
(for Newtonian fluid
k = , n = 1 )
1. Power Law Equation
1/n
o
1
k dy
du
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t

t
Correction from power
law equation for small
shear
2. Ellis Equation
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3. Bingham Equation

dy
du

B 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = t t
t<t
1
solid
t>t
1
Newtonian fluid
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
dy
du

c
1
h sin c
dy
du

2
-1
1
t
4. Eyring-Powell Equation
More accurate for wider range of shear rate
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Rheopectic Fluid:
Increased viscosity at constant rate of shear strain

Thiksotropic Fluid:
Decreased viscosity at constant rate of shear strain
Common fluid
Rheopectic
Constant shear strain
time
Thiksotropic
0
t


Temporal Characteristics
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____ and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
zero
Role of Viscosity
Measure the viscosity of water
The inner cylinder is 10
cm in diameter and rotates
at 10 rpm. The fluid layer
is 2 mm thick and 10 cm
high. The power required
to turn the inner cylinder
is 50x10
-6
watts. What is
the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid?
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
Examples
h r
Pt
3 2
2te
=
2 3 -
3 2
6 -
s/m N 1.16x10
m) (0.1 m) (0.05 (1.047/s) 2
m) (0.002 W) 10 (50
= =
t

x
A
t
U
A F t = =
= U
= A
t
h r
F
2
2te
=
= P
t
h r
P
3 2
2te
=
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
r = 5 cm
t = 2 mm
h = 10 cm
P = 50 x 10
-6
W
10 rpm
er 2trh
Fer
Solution
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Examples
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Solution
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Density
The quantity of fluid per unit volume
a. Mass density


3
m
kg
=
air = 1,23 kg /m
3
At p = 1 atm
= 1.013 x10
5
N/m
2

T = 288.15 K
Water (at 4
o
C)
= 1000 kg/m
3

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b. Specific weight
air = 12,07 N/m
3

water = 9.81 x 10
3
N/m
3

3
N
g
m
=
c. Relative density (specific gravity)
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Equation of state p v = RT
v = specific volume (m
3
/kg) (1/)
p = pressure (N/m
2
)
R= gas constant air,
= 287 N. m/kg.K
T = absolute temperature ( K )

can expressed as :
p = R T ( N/m
2
)
Ideal Gas Law
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
V
a
p
o
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
P
a
)

liquid
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa
Connection forward to cavitation!
Vapor Pressure
Cavitation
Cavitation Damage
Relates the change in
volume to a change in
pressure
changes in density at
high pressure
pressure waves
_________
______ __________
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
B
u
l
k

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

(
G
P
a
)

sound
water hammer
d
dp
d
dp
E
v
=

=
Water

v
E
a =
speed of sound
Compressibility Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
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unbalance between cohesive forces acting on the
liquid molecules and the net adhesive forces at the
fluid surface.
Molecules in the interior of the fluid mass are
surrounded by molecules that are attracted to each
other equally.
Molecules along the surface are subjected to a net
force toward the interior.
Cohesive force = adhesive
force + surface force
adhesiwe
Cohesive
cohesive
The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit
length along any line in the surface is called the
surface tension (o) (force per unit length of
contact line surrounding the contact surface)
The value of the surface tension decreases as the
temperature increases.
Surface Tension (o)
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o water - air = 0,073 N/m
o mercury - air = 0,514 N/m
h
o
water &
glass
u
u
o
mercury &
glass
h
Meniscuses due to surface tension
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Angle of Contact (u)
u > 90
0
non wetting contact u < 90
0
wetting contact
u
liquid (water)
u
gas(air)
solid (wax)
u u
solid (soap)
Water and glass u ~ 0
0
(wetting contact)
Mercury and glass u ~ 130
0
(nonwetting contact)
gas(air)
liquid (water)
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Surface force (due to surface tension) =
F = 2 t r o
Force balance p t r
2
= 2 t r o
p =
Forces:
F = internal forces due to
internal pressure
= p. t r
2

r
o 2
p
r
o
F
Surface Tension in Bubble
Surface molecules
Surface tension of Air-Water
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

t
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
N
/
m
)

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then T = o . L

2o L sin u = w
Force balance
2 T sin u = w
o = surface tension
L = needle length
W = needle weight
u
o
sin L 2
W
=
W
L
u
needle
2 T sin u
T
Surface Tension in needle on water
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tD o cos u W = 0
t D o cos u = W
= x h x
2
D
4
t
2
4 D cos
D
h
t o u
t
=

u o
D
h
cos 4
=
D
W
o
u
h
W
D
fluid
Glass tube
Surface Tension in meniscus
Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)
between the inside and outside of a bubble
of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3
mm in diameter.
R
p
o 2
=
R = 0.15 x 10
-3
m
o = 0.073 N/m
( )
m 10 15 . 0
N/m 073 . 0 2
3

= p
970 Pa p =
Examples