Prepared by: Mr. Kayvin L.

Malawig
Credits to: Jeffrey Hofler: V.Ramesh: Heikki Topi Reference : Modern Database Management System 10th Edition

Go.od LucK !

All information systems create, read, update and delete (CRUD) data. This data is stored in files and databases A FILE collection of similar records
Files or conventional files are unrelated to each other except in the code of an application program. Data storage is built around the applications that use the files. Ex. CUSTOMER FILE, ORDER FILE, and PRODUCT FILE

FEATURES:
No Database Computer File Processing System

METHODS:
Data Store Data Manipulation Retrieval Of Large Files Of Data

Disadvantages: Program Data Independence

File descriptions are stored within each database application program that accesses a given file.

Duplication Of Data
Because applications are often developed independently in file processing systems, unplanned duplicate data files are the rule rather than the exception.

Limited Data Sharing

With the traditional file processing approach, each application has its own private files, and users have little opportunity to share data outside their own applications.

Disadvantages:

Lengthy Development Times

Each new application requires developer . . . The lengthy development times required are inconsistent with todays fast-paced business environment.

Excessive Program Maintenance

The preceding factors all combined to create a heavy program maintenance load in organizations that relied on traditional file processing systems.

ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGE

CONVENTIONAL FILES
Relatively easy to design and implement Ex. ACC0UNTS RECEIVABLE, PAYROLL Processing Speed Data independence from applications increases adaptability and flexibility Harder to adapt to sharing across applications Harder to adapt to new requirements Need to duplicate attributes in several files

DATABASE
Superior scalability Ability to share data across applications Less, and controlled redundancy (total redundancy is not achievable Database technology is more complex than file technology Somewhat slower performance Investment in DBMS and database experts Need to adhere to design principles to realize benefits Increased vulnerability inherent in the use of shared data

Database
a collection of interrelated files is not merely a collection of files. The records in each files must allow for relationships to the records of other files. Records in one file (or table) are physically related to records in another file (or table). Applications are built around the integrated database. * Data resource that must be controlled and managed...

* Data Architecture defines how the business use both files and databases to store all of the organizations data; the file and the database technology to be used; and the administrative structure set up to manage the data resource.

Operational (transactional) Database

Developed to support day-to-day operation and business transaction processing for major information systems.

Data Warehouse
Store data extracted from the operational database
data mining extraction of data by the end users

Data Administrator
Data planning , definition, architecture & mngmnt.

Database Administrator
Responsible for the database technology, database design and construction consultation, security, backup and recovery and performance tuning.

Database Architecture

Database Management System (DBMS)

refers to the database technology including the database engine, database utilities, database CASE tools for analysis and design, and database application development tools
Is a specialized computer software available from computer vendors that is used to create, access control, and manage the database.

Database Engine

Core of DBMS; responds to specific commands to create database structures and then to create, read, update, and delete records in the database

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Language used by a DBMS to define a database or a view of a database.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DBMS language used to create, read, update and delete records.

Propriety Language and Tools

Used PC-based DBMS that provides simple graphical user interface to create tables and both form-based environment and scripting language.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Relational Database
A database that implements data a series of two dimensional tables that are related via foreign keys.

Schema
the physical, relational database implementation of the data model

Relation
simple-two dimensional tables with row as records and columns as fields.

Triggers
a program embedded within a table and is automatically invoked by updates to another table.

Stored Procedures
a program embedded in a table that can be called from an application program.

Metadata
data or specification of data.

DBA and Database Staff

Handle the technical details and cross-application issues in the design of database.

Computer-assisted system engineering (CASE)

can automatically generate SQL code to construct the database structure.

Goals of Database Design

A database should provide for efficient storage, update and retrieval of data. A database should be reliable A database should be adaptable and scalable to new and unforeseen requirements and applications.

The Database Schema

Database Schema
Physical model or blueprint for a database.
Rules and Regulation in transforming logical data model to physical data model 1. Each fundamental, associative, and weak entity is implemented as a separate table. Table names may have to be formatted according to the naming rules and size limitations of the DBMS.
Logical Entity Named
Product Name Member Ordered Product

Physical Table Named

tblProdName tblMemberOrdProd

Logical Entity Named Product Name Member Ordered Product

Physical Table Named tblProdName tblMemberOrdProd

The prefix and compression of spaces is consistent with contemporary naming standards and guidelines in modern programming languages.
a. The primary key is implemented as such and implemented as index into the table. b. Each secondary key is implemented as its own index in the table c. Index should be created for any non-key attributes that were identified as sub setting criteria requirements. d. Each foreign key will be implemented as such. The inclusion of this key implements the relationships in the data model and allows tables to be joined in SQL and application programs. e. Attributes will be implemented with fields.

i. ii. iii.

Datatype - each DBMS supports different data types and terms. Size of the fields. Different DBMS express precision of real numbers differently. Null or not null. Different DBMS may require different reserved words to express this property
Null is a value that ma be assigned to an attribute when no other value applies or which when the applicable value is known.

Personal ,Workgroup, and Department Database Personal computer and local network database technology that allow the users to develop personal and departmental databases.

Enterprise Database Organizations Database