U.S.

Federal Aviation
Administration
Wide Area
Augmentation
System (WAAS)
Update

Mitch Narins
Air Traffic Organization
Navigation Services

May 2006
 Evolution of IFR Navigation in the National
Airspace

VOR, DME,
Tacan WAAS
Four-course
range

NDB Loran C GPS

Microwave Landing LAAS

Instrument Landing System System

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

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7 May 2006 Administration
FY 2004 Operations & Maintenance Budget
Allocation for Navigation Systems
Fac # In NAS Total O&M % of Total Ann Fac Avg
ALS
DF
142
119
$8,331,230
$2,318,144
2.56%
0.71%
$58,671
$19,480
• Precision Approach Systems
DFI
DME
114
856
$1,031,264
$23,418,182
0.32%
7.20%
$9,046
$27,358
Account for Approximately 42% of
DMER
GS
116
1134
$2,115,984
$35,261,276
0.65%
10.85%
$18,241
$31,095
the Navigation Services Systems
IM
LDIN
132
20
$2,960,289
$570,666
0.91%
0.18%
$22,426
$28,533
and almost 50% of the Annual O&M
LOC
LOM
1163
538
$37,534,788
$8,183,727
11.55%
2.52%
$32,274
$15,211
Budget Allocation for Navigation
LRNCM
MALS
143
95
$1,597,984
$1,819,289
0.49%
0.56%
$11,175
$19,150
Services.
MALSR
MLSA
803
17
$19,612,811
$664,597
6.03%
0.20%
$24,424
$39,094
– ALS – Approach Lighting System
MLSD 16 $528,833 0.16% $33,052
MLSE 18 $633,823 0.19% $35,212 – GS – Glide Slope
MM 679 $13,334,214 4.10% $19,638
NDB 1166 $14,253,854 4.38% $12,225 – IM – Inner Marker
ODALS 64 $1,020,836 0.31% $15,951
OM 881 $18,435,587 5.67% $20,926 – LOC - Localizer
PAPI 684 $14,614,446 4.50% $21,366
REIL 926 $6,487,197 2.00% $7,006 – LOM – Locator Outer Marker
RMCF 160 $3,140,904 0.97% $19,631
RMSC
RMVC
623
60
$6,259,274
$532,090
1.93%
0.16%
$10,047
$8,868
– MALS – Medium Intensity ALS
RVR
SSALR
340
18
$8,059,160
$372,528
2.48%
0.11%
$23,703
$20,696
– MALSR – MALS w/Runway Alignment
SSALS 3 $92,397 0.03% $30,799
TACAN 5 $53,345 0.02% $10,669 – MM – Middle Marker
TACR 585 $15,002,272 4.61% $25,645
VASI 1192 $14,516,833 4.47% $12,179 – OM – Outer Marker
VOR 1036 $45,029,905 13.85% $43,465
VOT 105 $2,223,894 0.68% $21,180 – RVR – Runway Visual Range
WMS 7 $1,560,564 0.48% $222,938
WRS 30 $13,518,806 4.16% $450,627 – SSALR – Simplified Short ALS
Total 13990 $325,090,993 – SSALS – Simplified Short ALS

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7 May 2006 Administration
Intl Cooperation….. A Necessity

• Approx. 77 million sq. km of total airspace

• Largest area of all ANSPs (Australia 2nd at 47 million sq. km)
• 15.15% of earth’s surface

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7 May 2006 Administration
 Moving To a Performance Based NAS
• FAA’s Goal Is To
Design An Integrated,
Performance Based
National Airspace
System That Can Meet
The Needs Of
Tomorrow And Satisfy
ICAO’s Vision Of A
Safe, Secure, And
Seamless International
Air Transportation
System
Presentation to: Regional Airline Association
Flight Technology Committee
Name: Phil Leman
Date: June 2, 2005

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7 May 2006 Administration
What Is “Performance-Based” Navigation?
• An End-to-End Air Transportation System Based
On Performance Standards Rather Than Specific
Technologies Or Equipment
– Area Navigation (RNAV)
– Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
• Recognizes The Ability Of Modern Aircraft To
Operate Safely And Efficiently Using A Variety Of
On-Board Systems and External Signals

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7 May 2006 Administration
GPS Background
• Designed as a dual-use system
– Military applications for US and Allied use
– Civilian applications for worldwide use
– Open signal specification available to industry and all users, both US
and International
• GPS not originally designed to do many of the civil
applications being done today
– Modernization program in progress
• Consistent U.S. National Policy from both Executive and
Legislative branches
– U.S. Public Law - December 1997
– U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Policy – March
1996; updated December 2004

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7 May 2006 Administration
 GPS User Range Error (URE) History

7
6
Current
Requirement
5 4.6
RMS URE (m)

4.3 Act
ua l Pe
4
3.0 rfor
3 2.7 m anc
2.1 e
1.8
2 1.5
Current 1.1
1 Objective
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1999 2001 2005
Year

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7 May 2006 Administration
 GPS Modernization Path

Increasing System Capabilities  Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit

Block IIA/IIR Block IIR-M, IIF Block III

Basic GPS
• Std Service (16-24m SEP)
– Single frequency (L1)
– Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
navigation
• Precise Service (16m SEP)
– Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y)
– Y-Code navigation
IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus
• 2nd civil signal (L2C)
• M-Code (L1M & L2M)
IIF: IIR-M capability plus
• 3rd civil signal (L5)
Block IIIA:
• Increased anti-jam power
• Increased security
• Increased accuracy
• Navigation surety
• Backward compatibility
• Assured availability
• Controlled integrity
• 4th civil signal (L1C)

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7 May 2006 Administration
GPS Modernized Signals
• L1 C/A – Available on all satellites
– Backwards compatible for existing civil and military applications
• L2C - First available with IIR-M launch 21 Sep 05
– Configuration of signal determined via interagency process
– Use for non-safety of flight applications, not in ARNS band
• L5 - First available with first GPS IIF launch (2007)
– Improved signal structure enhances performance
– WRC-2000 added signal component to protected aeronautical
band
– Interoperable with Galileo L1
• L1C - First available with first GPS III launch (2013)
– Data-less signal component improves tracking performance
– Interoperable with Galileo L1

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7 May 2006 Administration
New U.S. Policy
• U.S. Space-based Positioning, Navigation,
and Timing (PNT) Policy
– Released by the President - December 15, 2004
– Replaced the 1996 U.S. GPS Policy
• Provide updated, comprehensive, and
responsive guidance
– Improved management processes for all space-
based PNT issues

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS
• Operational System – Commissioned July 2003
• Enhances Navigation In All Phases Of Flight
– Enroute, Arrival, and Departure:
• Provides 100% Availability Of GNSS For Even The Most Critical
RNP or RNAV Operations
• Provides Coverage At All Altitudes From 100,000 Feet To The
Surface
• Provides Navigation Services To Users That Are Not Currently
Served
– Approach:
• Enhances Safety By Providing Vertical Guidance To Every Runway
End In The Coverage Area
• No Ground Hardware Required At Airport to Acquire Signal
• Allows IFR Operations To All Qualified Airports

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS Operations
• FAA Technical Center continuously monitors the WAAS system Performance
– 99% coverage over CONUS
– There have been no HMIs since system inception
– WAAS has experienced a number of outages since commissioning
• Omits short outages due to GUS switchovers and minor ionospheric disturbances
• Equates to 99.87% availability
• Outages are classified into 4 categories
– Total SIS outage (AOR-W, POR, or both)
– Major IONO storm (loss of service over all or most of CONUS)
– Minor IONO storm (loss of service over a portion of CONUS
– GUS switchovers
• Many have occurred since commissioning. Adverse effect when there is not dual GEO coverage
• User can lose LPV WAAS service for up to 5 minutes
• WAAS has experienced several outages as of late during the upgrade
process

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS Architecture

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS LPV Availability

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS Schedule
• WAAS Commissioned • 2003
• Full LPV Performance • 2003 – 2008
– 13 additional reference stations
– Improved software efficiency
– System improvements will be brought online incrementally
– End state performance will result in greater availability of
approach with vertical guidance (LPV - 250 foot minimums)
• 99% CONUS
• 95% in most of Alaska
• Two GEOs in view to all users over all • 2007
CONUS and Alaska
• GLS Development • 2015
– L5 frequency (block IIF & GPS III)
– Better interference mitigation
• Procedure Development ~ 300/yr
• 2004 – 2028

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7 May 2006 Administration
Development Activities: LPV
• Hardware
– 13 Additional Wide Area Reference Stations To Improve Availability
And Coverage
• 4 Alaska
• 5 Mexico
• 4 Canada
• Equipment Upgrade Using Commercial Off The Shelf Hardware When
Feasible
• Communications
– Enhancing The Terrestrial Communications Network
• Software
– More Efficient Integrity Monitor Algorithms
– Enhanced O&M Efficiency
• Prime Contractor - Raytheon

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7 May 2006 Administration
Predicted Availability Gains

WAAS Commissioning - 2003 Full Capability - 2008

• Availability over the majority of CONUS improves from 99.5% to 99.9%

• Alaskan availability improves from less than 75% to 99 – 99.9%
• Significant availability gains in northeast and southern California,
Texas, and Florida

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7 May 2006 Administration
Regional Cooperation
• USA, Canada, and Mexico Are Working Through The North American
Aviation Trilateral (NAAT) To Cooperate On The Implementation of GNSS In
The North American Region
• Canada And Mexico Will Host Additional WAAS Reference Stations
– 5 Mexico
• Mexico City – Installed August 2005
• Merida – Installed October 2005
• Puerto Vallarta – Installed November 2005
• La Paz – Surveyed in December, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
• Tapachula – Surveyed in December, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
– 4 Canada
• Gander – Installed June 2005
• Goose Bay – Installed September 2005
• Iqaluit – Site Survey Completed August 2004, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
• Winnipeg – Site Survey Completed October 2004, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
• Provides WAAS Coverage In Canada And Mexico, Improves Availability For
U.S.
• Expect Operational In 2006 And 2007 Respectively

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7 May 2006 Administration
 GEO Satellite Improvements
• Commissioned system utilizes two
Inmarsat satellites
– Main problem is single coverage over the
majority of the United States
• Contract Awarded to Lockheed Martin to
provide: POR New AOR/W Original AOR/W
– Leased payloads on up to 3 satellites 178E Position
142W
Position
54W
– Ground infrastructure to support signal in
space
• Currently acquiring two satellite links
– Provides dual coverage over entire United
States
– PanAmSat: Launched October 13th
– Telesat: Launched September 9th
• Preliminary acceptance testing for both
satellites expected to be complete Spring PanAmSat Telesat
133W 107W
2006
• Expect operational by first quarter FY 07

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7 May 2006 Administration
WAAS – GLS Development
• Will Commence In 2008
• In USA, GLS Capability Will Require Modernized GPS Constellation
– Addition Of Second Frequency, L5
– Availability Of L5 For Operational Use By Aviation Expected By 2013
– FAA Ground Upgrade Complete In 2013
• Hardware:
– Upgrade of Reference Station Receivers To Receive L5
• Software:
– Broadcast Of WAAS Message On L5
• Will Eliminate Loss Of Vertical Guidance Caused By Ionospheric
Storms
• Full GLS Capability Throughout Coverage Area
• System Will Be Capable Of Augmenting Other Satellite Navigation
System Constellations

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7 May 2006 Administration
Summary
• GPS
– System is robust and operating above specifications
– Modernized system will meet all aviation needs
• WAAS
– Commissioned For IFR Use On July 10, 2003, Incrementally
Improving to Add Capability
– Benefits All Classes Of Aviation Users, Enhancing Navigation In All
Phases Of Flight
– Supports RNP And Performance Based NAS
– Aviation Receivers Available Today, More Coming To Market Over
Next Three Years
• FAA POC:
Leo Eldredge, GNSS Program Manager
ATO-W, Navigation Services
800 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20591
leo.eldredge@faa.gov

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7 May 2006 Administration