CCNA3 Final Exam

Review
Version 3.1 2006/2007
1.1.3 When to use VLSM
1.1.4 Calculating subnets with
VLSM
1.1.5 Route aggregation with VLSM
1.2.2 RIP v2 features
 Both versions of RIP share the following
features:
 It is a distance vector protocol that uses a hop
count metric.
 It uses holddown timers to prevent routing
loops – default is 180 seconds.
 It uses split horizon to prevent routing loops.
 It uses 16 hops as a metric for infinite distance.
1.2.4 Configuring RIP v2
 To configure RIP v2 on a Cisco router, the following
tasks must be completed:
 Select a routing protocol, such as RIP v2.
 Assign the IP network numbers without specifying the
subnet values.
 Assign the network or subnet addresses and the
appropriate subnet mask to the interfaces.
1.2.4 Configuring RIP v2
1.2.7 Default routes
 By default, routers learn paths to destinations three different
ways:
 Static routes – The system administrator manually defines the static
routes as the next hop to a destination. Static routes are useful for
security and traffic reduction, as no other route is known.
 Default routes – The system administrator also manually defines
default routes as the path to take when there is no known route to the
destination. Default routes keep routing tables shorter. When an entry
for a destination network does not exist in a routing table, the packet
is sent to the default network.
 Dynamic routes – Dynamic routing means that the router learns of
paths to destinations by receiving periodic updates from other routers.
1.2.7 Default routes
1.2.7 Default routes
1.2.7 Default routes
 HongKong1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
s0/0

 The zeros in the IP address and mask portions

of the command represent any destination
network with any mask. Default routes are
referred to as quad zero routes. In the
diagram, the only way Hong Kong 1 can go to
the Internet is through interface s0/0.
2.1.1 Overview of link-state routing
2.3.1 Configuring OSPF routing
process
 2.3.2 Configuring OSPF
loopback address and router priority
 If the network type of an interface is broadcast, the default OSPF priority
is 1. When OSPF priorities are the same, the OSPF election for DR is
decided on the router ID. The highest router ID is selected. When the
OSPF process starts, the Cisco IOS uses the highest local active IP
address as its OSPF router ID.

 The election result can be determined by ensuring that the ballots, the
hello packets, contain a priority for that router interface. The interface
reporting the highest priority for a router will ensure that it becomes the
DR.

 The priorities can be set to any value from 0 to 255. A value of 0 prevents
that router from being elected. A router with the highest OSPF priority
will be selected as the DR.
2.3.3 Modifying OSPF cost metric

 OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the best route.
This is the highlighted portion of the show ip route output
above.
2.3.4 Configuring OSPF
authentication
 A network administrator would choose to
enable authentication for OSPF exchanges for
two reasons:
 To prevent routing information from being
falsified
 To ensure that routing information comes from a
valid source
3.1.3 EIGRP design features
 EIGRP sends partial, bounded updates and makes efficient
use of bandwidth.
 This is similar to OSPF operation, except that EIGRP routers
send these partial updates only to the routers that need the
information, not to all routers in an area.
 Instead of timed routing updates, EIGRP routers use small
hello packets to keep in touch with each other. Though
exchanged regularly, hello packets do not use up a significant
amount of bandwidth.
 EIGRP supports IP, IPX, and AppleTalk through PDMs
3.2.1 Configuring EIGRP
 Perform the following steps to configure EIGRP for IP:

 1. Use the following to enable EIGRP and define the autonomous

system:
router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system-number

 2. Indicate which networks belong to the EIGRP autonomous system on

the local router by using the following command:

router(config-router)#networknetwork-number

 The network-number is the network number that determines which

interfaces of the router are participating in EIGRP and which networks
are advertised by the router.
3.2.2 Configuring EIGRP
Summarization
 Automatic summarization may not be the
preferred option in certain instances. For
example, if there are discontiguous
subnetworks auto-summarization must be
disabled for routing to work properly
3.2.4 Building neighbor tables
 EIGRP routers establish adjacencies with
neighbor routers by using small hello packets.
4.1.9 Full-duplex transmitting
 Full-duplex Ethernet allows the transmission of a
packet and the reception of a different packet at the
same time. This connection is considered point-to-
point and is collision free. Because both nodes can
transmit and receive at the same time, there are no
negotiations for bandwidth.
 Full-duplex Ethernet offers 100 percent of the
bandwidth in both directions. This produces a
potential 20 Mbps throughput, which results from 10
Mbps TX and 10 Mbps RX
4.2.4 LAN segmentation with
switches
 Switches decrease bandwidth shortages and
network bottlenecks, such as those between
several workstations and a remote file server.
Figure shows a Cisco switch. Switches
segment LANs into micro segments which
decreases the size of collision domains.
However, all hosts connected to a switch are
still in the same broadcast domain.
4.2.10 Two switching methods
 The following two switching modes are available to forward frames:

 * Store-and-forward - The entire frame is received before any

forwarding takes place. The destination and source addresses are read and
filters are applied before the frame is forwarded. Latency occurs while the
frame is being received. Latency is greater with larger frames because the
entire frame must be received before the switching process begins. The
switch is able to check the entire frame for errors, which allows more
error detection.
 * Cut-through - The frame is forwarded through the switch before the
entire frame is received. At a minimum the frame destination address
must be read before the frame can be forwarded. This mode decreases the
latency of the transmission, but also reduces error detection.
4.2.10 Two switching methods
 The following are two forms of cut-through switching:

 * Fast-forward - Fast-forward switching offers the lowest level of latency. Fast-

forward switching immediately forwards a packet after reading the destination
address. Because fast-forward switching starts forwarding before the entire packet
is received, there may be times when packets are relayed with errors. Although
this occurs infrequently and the destination network adapter will discard the faulty
packet upon receipt. In fast-forward mode, latency is measured from the first bit
received to the first bit transmitted.
 * Fragment-free - Fragment-free switching filters out collision fragments before
forwarding begins. Collision fragments are the majority of packet errors. In a
properly functioning network, collision fragments must be smaller than 64 bytes.
Anything greater than 64 bytes is a valid packet and is usually received without
error. Fragment-free switching waits until the packet is determined not to be a
collision fragment before forwarding. In fragment-free mode, latency is also
measured from the first bit received to the first bit transmitted.
5.2.1 Switched LANs, access layer
overview
 The three layers of the hierarchical design
model are:
 The access layer provides users in workgroups
access to the network.
 The distribution layer provides policy-based
connectivity.
 The core layer provides optimal transport
between sites. The core layer is often referred to
as the backbone.
5.2.3 Distribution layer overview
 The following are some of the distribution
layer functions in a switched network:
 Aggregation of the wiring closet connections
 Broadcast/multicast domain definition
 VLAN routing
 Any media transitions that need to occur
 Security
5.2.4 Distribution layer switches
 The following Cisco switches are suitable for
the distribution layer:
 Catalyst 2926G
 Catalyst 5000 family
 Catalyst 6000 family
 6.1.3 Verifying port LEDs
during switch POST
6.2.2 Configuring the Catalyst
switch
 Some network devices can provide a web-
based interface for configuration and
management purposes.
 Once a switch is configured with an IP address
and gateway, it can be accessed in this way.
 A switch should be given a hostname, and
passwords should be set on the console and vty
lines..
 Activate HTTP service.
6.2.2 Configuring the Catalyst
switch
 A switch should be assigned an IP address so
that it can be accessed remotely using Telnet
or other TCP/IP applications.

 Paris# telnet 198.19.27.251( IP address of

switch in Denver)
6.2.2 Configuring the Catalyst
switch
6.2.4 Configuring static MAC
addresses
 The following command can be used to
remove a static MAC address for a switch:

 Switch(config)#no mac-address-table static

<mac-address of host > interface FastEthernet
<Ethernet number > vlan <vlan name >
7.2.1 Redundant topology and
spanning tree
 Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2
link management protocol that provides path
redundancy while preventing undesirable
loops in switched or bridged networks. STP
operation is transparent to end stations. STP
runs on Layer 2 switches, bridges, and routers
configured to operate as bridges.
7.2.2 Spanning-tree protocol
 The switches and bridges on a network use an
election process over STP to configure a single
logical path.
 Step Action
 1 Selection of root bridge
 2 Configurations are made by the other switches and bridges,
using the root bridge as a reference point.
 3 Each bridge or switch now determines which of its own ports
offers the best path to the root bridge.
 4 The logical loop is removed by one of the switches or bridges
by blocking the port that creates the logical loop. Blocking is
done by calculating costs for each port in relation to the root
bridge. Then the port with the highest cost is disabled.
7.2.4 Selecting the root bridge
 Network administrators can set the switch
priority to a smaller value than the default,
which makes the BID smaller. This should
only be implemented when the traffic flow on
the network is well understood.
7.2.4 Selecting the root bridge
 All switches receive the BPDUs and
determine that the switch with the lowest root
BID value will be the root bridge.
 The BID consists of a bridge priority that
defaults to 32768 and the switch MAC
address.
7.2.5 Stages of spanning-tree port
states
8.1.3 VLAN operation
 The default VLAN for every port in the
switch is the management VLAN. The
management VLAN is always VLAN 1 and
may not be deleted. At least one port must be
assigned to VLAN 1 in order to manage the
switch. All other ports on the switch may be
reassigned to alternate VLANs.
 8.2.3 Configuring static
VLANs
 To assign the VLAN to one or more
interfaces:
 Switch_A(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2
 Switch_A(config-if)#switchport mode access
 Switch_A(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
8.2.4 Verifying VLAN
configuration
 The following facts apply to VLANs:
 A created VLAN remains unused until it is
mapped to switch ports.
 All Ethernet ports are assigned to VLAN 1 by
default.
9.1.5 Trunking implementation
 Trunking protocols were developed to effectively
manage the transfer of frames from different VLANs
on a single physical line.
 The trunking protocols establish agreement for the
distribution of frames to the associated ports at both
ends of the trunk.
 This allows hosts on the same VLAN to
communicate with one another across different
switches
9.2.1 History of VTP
 To maintain connectivity within VLANs, each VLAN must
be manually configured on each switch. As the organization
grows and additional switches are added to the network, each
new switch must be manually configured with VLAN
information. A single incorrect VLAN assignment could
cause two potential problems:
 Cross-connected VLANs due to VLAN configuration inconsistencies
 VLAN misconfiguration across mixed media environments such as
Ethernet and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
 With VTP, VLAN configuration is consistently maintained
across a common administrative domain. Additionally, VTP
reduces management and monitoring complexities of
networks with VLANs.
9.3.6 Configuring inter-VLAN routing