UMTS Radio Theory

ZTE University
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services

Multiple Access Technoloies

Spectrum Plannin

Spreadin Technoloy

Codin And !nterleave Technoloy

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
Radio Transmission Technoloy
Re"uirements

#ata

$%% &'ps (ih speed and drivin

)*% &'ps Modest speed and +al&in

, M'ps -o+ speed and indoor

.oice

%/012'3s 44 $,/,2'3s

5%&'3s 6.ideo Phone7

!nformation transmission at varia'le rate

accordin to 'and+idth re"uirements

#elay re"uirements of different service

)8 services
Delay
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements
)8 services
Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed
conversational
Voice <150ms 12.2kbs
Vi!eo "all <150ms #$kbs
Vo%& <150ms 15.'(').#kbs
%nteraction
*ame
<250ms +,-
Streaming
.eal/time Voice
Streamin0
<2s $.1(25kbs
.eal/time Vi!eo
Streamin0
<2s #$kbs(22bs
Interaction
3eb Bro4sin0 <$s +,-
3-& Bro4sin0 <$s +,-
E/commerce <$s +,-
Background
56& +o strict +,-
E/mail +o strict +,-
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

)8 services

Multiple Access Technologies

Spectrum Plannin

Spreadin Technoloy

Codin And !nterleave Technoloy

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
#uple9 mode

T## mode uplin& and

do+nlin& has the same
fre"uency

Adapta'le to any fre"uency

'and

Suita'le for 'oth asymmetric

and symmetric services

:## mode uplin& and

do+nlin& has the different
fre"uency

Paired fre"uency 'ands are

needed

Suita'le for symmetric

services

T## 6 Time division

duple9;Such as T#4SC#MA7
# # # # U U U U

:## :re"uency division

duple9; Such as WC#MA
and C#MA,<<<
# # # # # # # #
U U U U U U U U

Why Multiple Access?

!ncreased capacity= serve more users

Reduced capital re"uirements since

fe+er media can carry the traffic

#ecreased per4user e9pense

Types of Transmission Medium:

T+isted pair

Coa9ial ca'le

:i'er optic ca'le

Air interface 6radio sinals7

Three methods are frequently used:

:#MA

T#MA

C#MA
Each pair of users en>oys
a dedicated; private circuit
throuh the transmission
medium; una+are that the
other users e9ist/
Transmission
edium
2ultile access tec7nolo0ies enable 8arious users access ublic
communication line but 4it7out interference.
Multiple Access Technoloies
Users are using Users are using
different frequency different frequency
Time
Frequency
FMA
:#MA 6:re"uency #ivision Multiple Access7

:#MA

Traffic channels are assined to different users at

different fre"uency 'and; such as TACS; AMPS/
Time
Frequency
TMA
Users are using
Users are using
different time slot
different time slot
T#MA 6Time #ivision Multiple Access7

T#MA

Traffic channels are assined to different users at

different time; such as 8SM; #AMPS/
Time
Frequency
!MA
!ode
Users are using different
Users are using different
orthogonal code sequence
orthogonal code sequence
C#MA 6Code #ivision Multiple Access7

C#MA

Traffic channels are assined to users at same time;

same fre"uency 'and; 'ut +ith different code/
Freq" #
Freq" #
!ode A
!
o
d
e

$
!
o
d
e

!
$%#
$%&
!ode
!
o
d
e

'
C#MA Application

Users are distinuished 'y scram'lin codes and ?.S:

codes

Self4interference system

C#MA system is restricted to interference 68SM system is

restricted to fre"uency resources7
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

)8 services

Multiple Access Technoloies

%pectrum (lanning

Spreadin Technoloy

Codin And !nterleave Technoloy

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
G S M 9 0 0 / 1 8 0 0 : 3 G ( W C D M A ) :
Sinle :re"uency @et+or&
!MT4,<<< Spectrum Allocation
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&#/* M01
#,,+ M01
#)*+ #,++ #,*+ &+++ &+*+ &#++ &#*+ &&++
UMT%
G%M #)++
'!T M%%
#))* M01 &+&* M01
&+#+ M01
-MT &+++
M%%
UMT%
2apan
M%%
-MT &+++
M%%
-MT &+++
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)8 Spectrum Allocation in China
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)8 Spectrum Plannin in China

Main ?peratin :re"uency Band

:## mode $A,<4$A*< M(B 3 ,$$<4,$0< M(B

T## mode $**<4$A,<M(B ,<$<4,<,1 M(B

Supplementary ?peratin :re"uency Band

:## mode $0114$0*1 M(B 3 $*1<4$**< M(B

T## mode ,)<<4,%<<M(B

:re"uency Band for Satellite Mo'ile Communication System

$A*<4,<$< M(B 3 ,$0<4,,<< M(B

The fre"uency 'ands; *,1 4 *)1 M(B 3 *0< 4 **< M(B; **1 4 A$1
M(B 3 A)< 4 A5< M(B and $0$< 4 $011 M(B 3 $*<1 4 $*1< M(B; +hich
are currently allocated to pu'lic mo'ile communication system are
also allocated to e9panded fre"uency 'ands of )8 pu'lic
communication system; 'ut fre"uency usin mode remains the same
for 'oth uplin& and do+nlin&/
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

)8 services

Multiple Access Technoloies

Spectrum Plannin

%preading Technology

Codin And !nterleave Technoloy

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
SHANON Formula
" < Blo0
2
=1>S,+?
" < Blo0
2
=1>S,+?
Spread Spectrum Principles

Where;
C is capacity of channel; '3s
B is sinal 'and+idth; (B
S is averae po+er for sinal; W
@ is averae po+er for noise; W

!t is the 'asic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications/
Spread Spectrum Principles
1 M(B
$, 2(B
!ower is "Spread# Over a $arger Bandwidt%
M
A
T
0
0
A
M
M
'
.
MAT0
0AMM'.
radio channel
Receiver Transmitter
Spreading
Despreading
Noise
Spread Spectrum Principles

User information 'its are spread over a +ide

'and+idth 'y multiplyin hih speed spread
code6chip7

Spread sinal 'and+idth W +ider than oriinal

sinal 'and+idth R'
f
S f
f0
Before spreading
signal
S f
f
f0
After spreading
signal
S f
f
f0
After despreading
signal
White noise
f
S f
f0
Before despreading
signal
White noise
signal
interference White noise
Spread Spectrum Principles
Spreadin Mode

#irect se"uence spread spectrum #S4SS

Base 'and data is spread 'y multiplication of pseudo4noise

se"uence and 'ase4'and pulse; the pseudo4noise se"uence
enerated 'y the pseudo4noise enerator

BER su'>ect to Multiple Access !nterference and near4far

effect

Po+er control can overcome the near4far effect; 'ut it is

limited 'y po+er detection accuracy

WC#MA uses #S4SS

:re"uency hoppin spread spectrum :(4SS

#ata is transmitted in the random channel 'y the carrier

fre"uency hoppin

Before :( aain; data is transmitted usin traditional

narro+'and modulation

@o near4far effect
#S4SS communication system

A technoloy of transmission after spreadin

sinal spectrum/
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
Slow
Information
Sent
TX
Slow
Information
Recovered
RX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
Wideband
Signal
Spread Spectrum Principles
any code c%annels are individually
spread and t%en added toget%er to
create a "composite signal#
Un5anted (o5er from
6ther .esoures
Spread Spectrum Principles

Any Code Channel can 'e e9tracted from the received

composite sinal 'y usin the CrihtD orthoonal code

Enery for transmittin sinal can 'e lo+er than

interference and noise
(rocessing Gain
$road7and
-nterference
Concept of orthoonal code

?rthoonalE
the result of multiplyin
and sum is <
Code$
F$ 4$ F$ F$ 4$ F$ 4$
4$
Code,
4$ F$ F$ 4$ 4$ F$ F$
4$
Mul
4$ 4$ F$ 4$ F$ F$ 4$
F$
Sum
<
?rthoonal
Code$
F$ 4$ F$ 4$ 4$ F$ 4$ 4$
Code,
F$ F$ 4$ F$ 4$ 4$ F$
4$
Mul
F$ 4$ 4$ 4$ F$ 4$ 4$ F$
Sum
4,
@on4orthoonal
-& & -& & -& -& & & -& -& & & -& & -& &
MUL
-& & -& & -& -& & &
& -& & -&
-' '
( (
Judge
-& &
& -& & -&
-& &
MUL
%nte0ral
& & & &
-& -& -&
-&
E9ample of orthoonal code
S1 S1
S2 S2
S1xC1 S1xC1
S2XC2 S2XC2
W W
Spreading
Despreading
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2) (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Air Interface Air Interface
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 [S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2
= =S2 S2
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1 [S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
= =S1 S1
N N
S S
C1xC2=0,
C1,C2,orhogonal
#irect spread techni"ue
Spreadin code G
$ 4$ 4$ $ 4$ $ $ 4$
6 S: G * 7
Symbol
Spreading
Despreading

!

!

!

!

!
#ataG<$<<$<
Spreadin code
Spread sinal
G #ata H code
#ata G
Spread sinal H
Spreadin code
"hip
S&etch map of Spreadin and #espreadin
Characteristics of Spreadin Communication

(ih anti4multi4path4 interference capa'ility

Anti4sudden4pulse

(ih security

-o+er transmittin po+er

Easy to implement lare4capacity Multiple Access

Communication

?ccupy 'and +ide

Comple9 realiBation
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

)8 services

Multiple Access Technoloies

Spectrum Plannin

Spreadin Technoloy

!oding And -nterleave Technology

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
Purpose of Channel Codin

By addin redundant information in the oriinal

data stream; receivers can detect and correct the
error sinal; and improve data transmission rates/
@o correct codin= BERI$<
4$
J

$<
4,
Can not satisfy
the communication
Convolutional codin BERI$<4)
Can satisfy the
speech communication
Tur'o codin BERI$<
45
Can satisfy the
data communication
Principle of Channel Codin

Channel codin

Error4correctin a'ility o'tains 'y addin redundancy in the

oriinal data

Convolutional codin and Tur'o codin $3, $3) are

+idely applied/

!ncrease noneffective load and transmission time

Suita'le to correct fe+ non4continuous errors

W C # M A
T U R B ?
S P E A 2
W W C C # # M M A A
T T U U R R B B ? ?
S S P P E E A A 2 2
W ? C C # # M M A A
T T ? U R R B B ? ?
S S P P E E A ? 2 2
Decoding
Encoding
Principle of !nterleave Technoloy

advantae

!nterleave is to chane the se"uence of data to random the

une9pected errors

Advance the correctin validity

disadvantae

!ncrease the processin delay

Especially; Several independent random errors may intert+ined for

the une9pected error/
# #$ # #$ #%
#% #& @ #%%
#' #( @ #%'
#) #* @ #%)
#+ #0 @ #%+
Data inp,t
A 8 9:# :& :3 :4 :* ; :&*<
Data o,tp,t
A=8 9:# :/ :## :#/; :&*<
e-g-
Encodin and !nterleavin
W ! M A
T U . $ 6
% ( ' A >
W W ! ! M M A A
T T U U . . $ $ 6 6
% % ( ( ' ' A A > >
W T % W T %
! U ( ! U (
. ' . '
M $ A M $ A
A 6 > A 6 >
W ? ? ! M M A ?
T ? ? U . ? ? $ 6 6
% ? ? ( ? ' A A > >
'ncoding
-nterleaving
W T % ? ? ?
? ? ? ! U (
. ? ? '
M ? A M $ A
A 6 > ? 6 >
einterleaving ecoding
Encoding ? Interleaving can correct bot
continuous and non!continuous errors
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

)8 services

Multiple Access Technoloies

Spectrum Plannin

Spreadin Technoloy

Codin And !nterleave Technoloy

Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
Principle of Modulation

#efinition

Modulation is the process +here the amplitude;

fre"uency; or phase of an electronic or optical sinal
carrier is chaned in order to transmit information/

Usin sym'ol stand for one or more 'its to improve

communication effectiveness

Classification

Analo Modulation

#iital Modulation
S"mbol bit
#odulation
Analo Modulation

The purpose of analo modulation is to impress

an information4'earin analo +aveform onto a
carrier for transmission/

Common analo modulation methods include=

Amplitude modulation 6AM7

:re"uency modulation 6:M7

Phase modulation 6PM7

#iital Modulation

The purpose of diital modulation is to convert an

information4'earin discrete4time sym'ol
se"uence into a continuous4time +aveform
6perhaps impressed on a carrier7/

Basic analo modulation methods include

Amplitude shift 2eyin 6AS27

:re"uency shift 2eyin 6:S27

Phase shift 2eyin 6PS27

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMT% ata transmission (rocedure

Channel Codin of UMTS

Spreadin Technoloy of UMTS

Modulation of UMTS
WC#MA #ata transmission Procedure
)* )eceiving
Demodulation Despreading
Decoding +
De-
inteleaving
,- Data
,- Data
Spreading
)* Transmitting
odulation
Base.and
demodulation
Base.and
modulation
-ncoding +
Interleaving
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS #ata transmission Procedure

!hannel !oding of UMT%

Spreadin Technoloy of UMTS

Modulation of UMTS

Mainly used in the voice channel and control sinal channel

Codin rate is K and $3)/

.,tp,t 0
/
0
0 ++& 1octal2
3np,t
D D D D D D D D
.,tp,t
/

0 $$' 1octal2
.,tp,t %
/
%
0 & 1octal2
Rate 4' con5ol,tional coder
Convolutional Code

Easy decode

Short delay

8enerally use the .iter'i Alorithm

Channel 'it error rate is $<

)
manitude

Suita'le to realtime service

e// speech and video service/

Characteristics of Convolutional code

Used in #ata service channel

Code Rate is $3)

Can 'e implemented in the transmission for lare 'loc& and lon
delay services

Tur'o codin structure is 'ased on t+o or more +ea& error

control code com'inations/ The information 'its are interleaved in
the t+o Encoder; and enerate t+o information flo+/ At last; this
information can 'e multiple9ed and punctured

#ecodin needs cycle iterative calculation

Interleaver
6ncoder
6ncoder %

u
l
t
i
p
l
e
/
input
output
Tur'o Code

Comple9 decodin

Use the -?84MAP arithmetic

Channel 'it error rate is $<

5
manitude

.ery suita'le to non4realtime pac&ae service

+hich is BER sensitive L delay insensitive;
e// WWW; :TP; EMmail; multimedia
transmission/
Characteristics of Tur'o Codes
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS #ata transmission Procedure

Channel Codin of UMTS

%preading Technology of UMT%

Modulation of UMTS
%ym7ol rate @ %F 8 !hip rate83")4Mcps
:or UMTS S: of uplin& channeliBation code %J,15
S: of do+nlin& channeliBation code= %J1$,
?.S:= ?rthoonal .aria'le Spreadin :actor
.7S8 "ode Scrambling "ode
ata
%pread ata
Spreadin Process of UMTS
%ym7ol
!hip
)/*%Mcps
)/*%Mcps
ChanneliBation Code

Adopt ?.S: code

#efinition= Cch;S:;&; descri'e channeliBation code; +here

S: = spread factor & = code num'er; < I &IS:4$

S* 0 & S* 0 1 S* 0 '
C
c%2&2(
0 (&)
C
c%212(
0 (&2&)
C
c%212&
0 (&2-&)

C
c%2'2(
0(&2&2&2&)
C
c%2'2&
0 (&2&2 -&2 -&)
C
c%2'21
0 (&2 - & 2&2 - &)
C
c%2'23
0 (&2 - &2 -&2 &)
Scram'lin Code

UMTS Scram'lin code is pseudo random 'inary

se"uence

!t has similar noise array character; seeminly random

'ut +ith reularity/

Can ma&e the user data further random ; strenthened

'y scram'lin a code to &eep secret the user data; at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication/

UMTS scram'lin code is enerated from 8old se"uence

8old se"uence has e9cellent self4correlation/

Cross4correlation is very +ee& 'et+een t+o codes/

!t is used to identify cell and user for multiple access/

Characteristic of Scram'lin code

There are ,
,%
Uplin& Scram'lin Codes; they are
used to distinuish different users in one cell/

There are ,
$*
4$ #o+nlin& Scram'lin Codes;
used to distinuish different cells

Scram'lin codes usually used are the first *$A, codes;

+hich are code < $ *$A$/ They are divided
into 1$, areations each areation has $
primary scram'lin code 6PSC7 and $1 secondary
scram'lin codes 6SSC7/

The 1$, primary scram'lin codes are divided further

into 5% primary scram'lin code roups ; +ith * primary
scram'lin codes in each roup/
@um'erin rule for #o+nlin& Scram'lin
Codes
@
&
#)
A# o5nlinB %cram7ling !odes in all
9+""&/&#4&<
@o/ 1$$ Scram'lin Code
8roup
*$05
*$00
*$A$
*$05 PSC
*$00 SSC
N
*$A$ SSC
@o/ 1$< Scram'lin Code
8roup
*$5<
*$5$
*$01
*$5<
*$5$
N
*$01
@o/ 1<% Scram'lin Code
8roup
*<5%
*<51
*<0A
*<5%
*<51
N
*<0A
@
@o/ 0 Scram'lin Code
8roup
$$,
$$)
$,0
*$05 PSC
*$00
N
*$A$
@o/ $ Scram'lin Code
8roup
$5
$0
)$
$5 PSC
$0 SSC
N
)$ SSC
@o/ < Scram'lin Code
8roup
<
$
$1
< PSC
$ SSC
N
$1 SSC
Co"/3 $rimar" Scrambling %ode &roup
4 4
Co"+ $rimar" Scrambling %ode &roup
Code :unctions

ChanneliBation code 4444 for separation of physical

channels in the uplin& and separation of users in
the do+nlin&

Scram'lin code 4444 for separation of

users3terminals in the uplin& and cells3sectors in
the do+nlin&/
!ir "ner#ace
1
ch
c
3
ch
c
&
ch
c
scrambling
c
$od%laion
Spreadin code L scram'lin code

Cch spread code

Relative to service rate e9tended to )/*%Mchips3s

A &ind of orthoonal code

Cscram'lin scram'lin code

(ave no effect on sinal 'and+idth

#o+nlin& for identifier cell uplin& identifier terminal

A pseudo4random se"uence
f
P
W
Processing
Gain
Rb
Despreading
Processin 8ain

P8GWc3R' 6Wc = Chip rate ; R' = Service 'it rate7

Transmitter3receiver can o'tain ain after

spread3despread

The narro+er oriinal sinal 'and+idth; the larer P ;

the 'etter
'e iger $&( te more anti!interference capabilit" s"stem as)
.
c
)
5
6ain !rocessing =
'
7
8
%ignal (o5er
$it .ate
8
%
.
' D t
$ D t
8
C
+
8
Coise (o5er
$and5idth
8
C
W
'
7
C
+
8
%
.
C
W
8
%
.
E
W
C
8
%
C
E
W
.
%ignal to Coise
(rocessing Gain
67e more t7e eAansion multilesB t7e 7i07er t7e
rocessin0 0ainB t7e stron0er t7e anti/Cammin0 caability
Relation 'et+een E
'
3@
<
and P8
#espreadin procedure

Method of despreadin
!nput sinal
-ocal P@ code
When TGTs; >ude
?utput after despreadin
interal
0
Ts
192dt
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS #ata transmission Procedure

Channel Codin of UMTS

Spreadin Technoloy of UMTS

Modulation of UMT%
Modulation Methods in UMTS

BPS2 6Binary Phase Shift 2eyin7 in Uplin& channles

OPS2 6Ouadrature Phase Shift 2eyin7 in #o+nlin& channels

$5OAM 6$54state Ouadrature Amplitude Modulation7 in (S#PA

Physical Channel Spread4Spectrum
Modulation Process4#o+nlin&

Separation
of real
Parts
And
Iaginar!
parts
Pulse
"oring
Pulse
"oring
Serial
Parallel
S#it$%
Serial
Parallel
S#it$%
:
:
:
:
&o#nlin' p%!si$al
$%annel (
)
$%*S"*
+
I,+-
S
dl*n
.
(
)
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+
I,+-
S
dl*n
.
/
&o#nlin' p%!si$al
$%annel /
.
p
.
p
P0
S)
1 S0S)1
$os2#t3
!sin1;t2
4e253
I253
Physical Channel Spread4Spectrum
Modulation Process4Uplin&
Separation
of real
Parts
And
Iaginar!
parts
Pulse
"oring
Pulse
"oring
$os2#t3
0sin2#t3
S
dp$%*n
4e2S3
I2S3

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d<

d
I
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