Technology Peshawar 1 By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk Lecture 06: Tension Members CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2 Types of Steel Structures Introductory concepts Design Strength Net Area at Connection Shear Lag Phenomenon ASD and LRFD Design of Tension Members Design Examples Topics to be Addressed CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 3
The form of a tension member is governed to a large extent by Type of structure of which it is a part Method of joining it to connecting portions. Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 4 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 5 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 6 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 7 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 8 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 9 Types of steel structures CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 10 Sections for Tension Members CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 11 Sections for Tension Members CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 12 Design Stresses for Base Material CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 13 Introductory Concepts Stress: The stress in an axially loaded tension member is given by Equation The stress in a tension member is uniform throughout the cross-section except: near the point of application of load, and at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other discontinuities, etc. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 14 Types of steel structures b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b Section a-a Section b-b CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 15 Types of steel structures Area of bar at section a a = 8 x = 4 in 2
Area of bar at section b b = (8 2 x 7/8 ) x = 3.12 in 2
The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = A g
The reduced area of the member is called its net area = A n
b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b Section a-a Section b-b CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 16 Design strength A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:
1. Excessive deformation Yielding at the gross area
2. Fracture Fracture at the net area CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 17 Design strength 1. Excessive deformation can occur due to the yielding of the gross section at section a-a b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b Section a-a Section b-b CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 18 Design strength 2. Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress at the net section (section b-b) reaches the ultimate stress Fu b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole b b a a 8 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter hole Section a-a Section b-b Section a-a Section b-b CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 19 Design strength Yielding of the gross section will occur when the stress f reaches F y
Nominal yield strength = P n = A g F y
Fracture of the net section will occur after the stress on the net section area reaches the ultimate stress F u
Nominal fracture strength = P n = A e F u
y g F A P f u e F A P f CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 20 Design strength AISC/ASD Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area
AISC/LRFD Design strength for yielding on gross area
t P n = t Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag Design strength for fracture of net section
t P n = t Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 21 Effective Net Area The connection has a significant influence on the performance of a tension member. A connection almost always weakens the member and a measure of its influence is called joint efficiency. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 22 Effective Net Area Joint efficiency is a function of: (a) Material ductility (b) Fastener spacing (c) Stress concentration at holes (d) Fabrication procedure (e) Shear lag. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 23 Effective Net Area Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by using a reduced or effective net area A e
2 x 1 x CG For bolted connection, the effective net area is A e = U A n
For welded connection, the effective net area is A e = U A g
L x U 1 For Bolted Connections CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 24 Effective Net Area For W, M, and S shapes with width-to-depth ratio of at least 2/3 and for Tee shapes cut from them, if the connection is through the flanges with at least three fasteners per line in the direction of applied load , U= 0.9
For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per line , U= 0.85
For all members with only two fasteners per line U= 0.75
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 25 Net Area Example Example : A 5 x bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter bolts as shown in below. Assume that the effective net area A e equals the actual net area A n and compute the tensile design strength of the member. b b a a 5 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter bolt A572 Gr. 50 b b a a 5 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter bolt b b a a 5 x in. bar Gusset plate 7/8 in. diameter bolt A572 Gr. 50 CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 26 Net Area Example Gross section area (A g ):
A g = 5 x = 2.5 in 2
Net section area (A n ): Bolt diameter = d b = 7/8 in. Nominal hole diameter = d h = 7/8 + 1/16 in. = 15/16 in. Hole diameter for calculating net area = 15/16 + 1/16 in. = 1 in. Net section area = A n = (5 2 x (1)) x = 1.5 in 2
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 27 Net Area Example Gross yielding design strength: f t P n = f t F y A g
= 0.9 x 50 ksi x 2.5 in 2 = 112.5 kips Fracture design strength: f t P n = f t F u A e
= 0.75 x 65 ksi x 1.5 in 2 = 73.125 kips Assume A e = A n (only for this problem)
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 28 Shear Lag in Tension Members Shear lag in tension members arises when all the elements of a cross section do not participate in the load transfer at a connection. There are two primary phenomena that arise in these cases: (i) Non-uniform straining of the web resulting in biaxial stress states (ii) Effective area reduction. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 29 Shear Lag in Tension Members CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 30 Shear Lag in Tension Members Effective area reduction CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 31 Shear Lag in Tension Members Design Bottom Line Shear lag can have a large influence on the strength of tension members , in essence reducing the effective area of the section. The amount of the reduction is related to the length of the connection and the arrangement of cross- section elements that do not participate directly in the connection load transfer. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 32 Block Shear in Tension Members Block shear is a combined tensile/shear tearing out of an entire section of a connection. CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 33 Block Shear in Tension Members A failure in which the member fails in tension on one section and in shear on the perpendicular section.
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 34 Block Shear in Tension Members T T Shear failure Tension failure (a) (b) (c) T T Shear failure Tension failure Shear failure Tension failure (a) (b) (c) CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 35 Block Shear in Tension Members CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 36 Block Shear in Tension Members For such a failure to occur, there are two possible mechanisms: (1) Shear rupture + tensile yielding; and (2) Shear yielding + tensile rupturing.
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 37 Block Shear in Tension Members AISC/ASD Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area Connecting element allowable stresses where failure may be by shear Fv = 0.3 Fu Allowable block shear F = 0.3 Fu + 0.5 Fu CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 38 Block Shear in Tension Members
AISC/LRFD
t R n = 0.75(0.6 Fy A gv + Fu A nt )
t R n = 0.75(0.6 Fu A nv + Fy A gt ) CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 39 Block Shear in Tension Members Design Bottom Line As a likely limit state for connections, block shear must be considered in design. This can be accomplished by considering the strength limit states of the two failure mechanisms outlined above.
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 40 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 41 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 42 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 43 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 44 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 45 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 46 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 47 Design Example 1-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 48 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 49 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 50 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 51 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 52 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 53 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 54 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 55 Design Example 1-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 56 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 57 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 58 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 59 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 60 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 61 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 62 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 63 Design Example 2-ASD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 64 Design Example 2-ASD Design Alternative 2 CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 65 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 66 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 67 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 68 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 69 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 70 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 71 Design Example 2-LRFD CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 72 Design Example 2-LRFD