File and Database

Management Systems
File Concepts
Data Element or Field
Record
File
Primary Key
Secondary Key
File Structures
Sequential File Structure
Direct File Structure
Indexed Sequential File
Structure
Accessing Records
File Structures in on-Line, Real-
Time Processing
File Structures in Batch
Processing
File Management
Software
Commercially Prepared File
Management Software
File Management Programs
Developed in-House
Searching Files
Primary Keys
Secondary Keys
Search Parameters
Wild Cards
Database Concepts
Files vs. Databases
File Management Software vs.
Database Management
Software
Database Concepts
(Cont.)
Data Independence
Data Redundancy
Data Integrity
Database Management
Systems
Stores Data in a Uniform Way
Organizes Data Into Records in
a Uniform Way
Allows Access to Data in a
Uniform Way
Components of a
Database Management
System
Data Dictionary/Directory
Data Languages
Teleprocessing Monitor
Application Development
System
Security Software
Archiving and Recovery
Systems
DBMS Components
(cont.)
Report Writers
SQL and Other Query Languages
Microcomputer and
Minicomputer Versions of
Mainframe Databases
The Database Administrator
Views of the Database
The Conceptual View
The External View
The Internal View
Database Structures
Hierarchical Database Structure
Network Database Structure
Relational Database Structure
Object-Oriented Databases
Hierarchical Database
Structure
Inverted Tree
Root Record
Parent Record
Children Records
Nodes
Processing Is Done One Record
at a Time
Requires Explicit Links Between
Records
Less Flexibility in Ad Hoc
Queries
Network Database
Structure
Record Sets
Owner Records
Member Records
Processing Is Done One Record
at a Time
Less Flexibility in Ad Hoc
Queries
Requires Explicit Links Between
Records
Relational Database
Structure
Two-Dimensional Tables
Rows Are Records
Columns Are Data Elements or
Fields
Processing Can Be by Tables,
Rows, or Columns
doesn't Require Explicit Links
Between Records
Easy to Perform Ad Hoc Queries
Object-Oriented
Database Structure
Storing Documents, Images,
Drawings, Videos, and Other
Nontext Data
Complex Data Types That Vary
in Type, Length, Content, and
Form
Need Support for Cad,
Multimedia, and Other Systems
Object-Oriented
Databases
Objects and Attributes
Messages
Methods
Object Classes
Attribute and Behavior
Inheritance
Reusable Objects
Advantages of Database
Management Systems
Data Sharing
Reduced Data Redundancy
Improved Data Integrity
Data Independence
Increased Application
Programmer and User
Productivity
Improved Data Administration
and Control
Increased Emphasis on Data As
a Resource
Problems of Databases
Concurrency Problems
Ownership Problems
Resource Problems
Security Problems
Distributed Databases
Distributed Databases
Centralized Databases
Distributed Data Processing
Distributed Database Systems
Methods of Distributing
a Database
Replicated
Partitioned
Functional
Geographic
Hierarchical
On-Line Databases and
Information Utilities
Market Quotations
Market Information
General News and Information
Specific News and Information
Data Repositories
Data Repositories
Repository Managers