UMTS Radio Channel & Key Technologies

ZTE University
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
RNS RNS
CN
RNC
RNC





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Architecture of UMTS
UE
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Concept of channel
PHY layer
MAC layer
RLC layer
Transport channel
Physical channel
Logical channel
L1
L2
Channel Type
Logical channels:
Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
Transport channels:
Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
Physical channels:
Represent the transmission media providing the
platform through which the information is actually
transferred.
Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Transport Channel
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Common Transport Channels
Dedicated Transport Channels
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Physical Channel
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Uplink Physical Channels
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Downlink Physical Channels
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Logic
Channel
Transport
Channel
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH CPCH DCH
Uplink Downlink
PCCH BCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH CTCH
PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapping relationship
Transport
Channel
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH CPCH DCH
Uplink Downlink
PCCH BCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH CTCH
PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH
RACH
CPCH
BCH
FACH
PCH
DSCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Frame structure
The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I
Tslot #15
T
timeslot
= 2560 chip
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I
Frame #71
T
frame
=10 ms
Tsuperframe=720 ms
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Cell Search
UE has to get the system information before it
registers with the network and access to services.
The system information is beared in the BCH
channel, and its data is mapped into the Primary
CCPCH.
So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode
the data of P-CCPCH.
Cell search procedure (1)
The cell search is typically carried out in three
steps:
Step1: Slot synchronization
During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE
uses the SCH channel's primary synchronization code
to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.
This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any
similar device) matched to the primary synchronization
code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the
cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched
filter output.
Sketch of Slot Synchronization
Cell search procedure (2)
Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group
identification
During the second step of the cell search procedure, the
UE uses the SCH channel's secondary synchronization
code to find frame synchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step.
This is done by correlating the received signal with all
possible secondary synchronization code sequences,
and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since
the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code
group as well as the frame synchronization is
determined.


Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping
No. 511 Scrambling Code Group
8176
8177

8191
8176PSC
8177SSC

8191SSC
No. 510 Scrambling Code Group
8160
8161

8175
8160
8161

8175
No. 504 Scrambling Code Group
8064
8065

8079
8064
8065

8079


No. 7 Scrambling Code Group
112
113

127
8176PSC
8177

8191
No. 1 Scrambling Code Group
16
17

31
16PSC
17SSC

31SSC
No. 0 Scrambling Code Group
0
1

15
0PSC
1SSC

15SSC
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code
Cell search procedure (3)
Step3: Scrambling-code identification
During the third and last step of the cell search
procedure, the UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the cell.
The primary scrambling code is typically identified
through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH
with all codes within the code group identified in the
second step.
After the primary scrambling code has been
identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected so
that the cell specific BCH information can be read.
Summary of the process
Channel
Synchronization
acquired
Note
Primary
SCH
Chip, Slot, Symbol
Synchronization
Synchronization 256 chips
The same in all cells
Secondary
SCH
Frame Synchronization,
Code Group
(one of 64)
15-code sequence of secondary
synchronization codes. There are 16
secondary synchronization codes. There
are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to
the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips,
different for different cells and slot intervals
Common
Pilot CH
Scrambling code (one
of 8)
To find the primary scrambling code from
common pilot CH
PCCPCH Synchronization,
BCCH info
Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Multi-path characteristics of radio channel
Electromagnetic propagation:
direct radiationreflectiondiffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread
reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading
Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the
propagation path
Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
=
+
+
Pathloss
Slow fading
Fast fading
distance
Signal Rx Level
Multi-Path Effects
receiving signal
time
strength
0
sending signal
RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path
interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.
RAKE Receiver
The multi-path signals contain some useful energy ,
therefore the UMTS receiver can combine these energy of
multi-path signals to improve the received signal to noise
ratio.
RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to
receive the multi-path signals, and then combines the
received signal energy.

RAKE Receiving
d
1

d
2

t t t
d
3

transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
noise
RAKE Receiving
receiver
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
searcher calculate
combining
t
t
s(t) s(t)
signal
RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves
receiving performance
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Whats
When UE is moving from the coverage area of
one site to another, or the quality of service is
declined by external interference during a service,
the service must be handed over to an idle
channel for sustaining the service.
Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of
service.
Handover is a key technology for mobile
networking.
Category of Handover
Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
Inter-RNC
Soft handover (SHO)
Same Node B, Inter-sector
Softer handover
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
Inter-system (UMTS&GSM)
Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Hard handover (HHO)
UMTS system support
multiple handover technology
Handover Demonstration
Hard
Handover
Soft
Handover
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Soft Handover/Softer Handover
Soft Handover
Soft-Softer Handover
Softer Handover
Hard Handover
During the hard handover procedure,
all the old radio links with the UE are
abandoned before new ones are
established, so there must be
service interruption during the HHO.
Hard handover may occur in the
following main cases
When the UE is handed over to another
UTRAN carrier, or another technology
mode.
When soft handover is not permitted (if
O&M constraint)
Hard Handover
Node B
SRNC
RNC or
BSC
CN
Node B or
BTS
Soft/Softer Handover
The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to
another without service interruption or without deleting all
old radio links.
UE can connect to more than one cell simultaneously and
take benefit from the macro-diversity.
Soft Handover Softer Handover
CN CN
Iur
The two Node Bs
may belong to the
same RNC
The two Node Bs may
belong to the Same RNC
Soft Handover Softer Handover
SRNC
DRNC
CN
Node B
SRNC
CN
Soft Handover Softer Handover
Node B
CN
UMTS General Handover Trilogy
Measurement Control
UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through
issuing a measurement control message.
Handover decision
UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement
reports from UE. The implementation of handover
decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on
the system performance critically.
Handover execution
UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure
according to the handover command.
(A) RNC sends measurement
control message to UE
(Measurement Control)
(B) UE starts measurement task
with the parameters included in
the message, and reports
measurement results
Measurement Report
(C) RNC stores the
measurement results according
to frequencies and cells
(D) RNC Estimates the quality
of each carrier (including intra-
frequency and inter-frequency)
(E) Quality
Decision
(G) Allocate resource
in target cell, prepare
to execute handover
(F) maintain the
active set and
monitored set
(H) Allocate
resource in target
cell, prepare to
execute handover
Current
carrier has
good quality
Other
system has
good
quality
Other carrier has good
quality
IIf handover is required, RNC sends
handover command with target cell to UE
Handover Flows
Concepts Related to Handover
Active Set:
A set of cells that have established radio links with a
certain mobile station.
User information is sent from all these cells.
Monitored Set:
A set of cells that are not in the active set but are
monitored according to the list of adjacent cells
assigned by the UTRAN.
Detected Set:
A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the
monitor set.
Soft handover event
Event Description
1A
Quality of target cell improves, entering a
report range of relatively activating set quality
1B
Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a
report range of relatively activating set quality
1C
The quality of a non-activated set cell is better
than that of a certain activated set cell
1D Best cell generates change
1E
Quality of target cell improves, better than an
absolute threshold
1F
Quality of target cell decreases, worse than
an absolute threshold
An Example of SHO Procedure
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1
time
Pilot
Ec/Io
Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B
add cell2replace cell1 with cell 3remove cell3
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3
t t
t
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Admission Control
The admission control is employed to admit the access of
incoming call. Its general principal is based on the
availability and utilization of the system resources.
If the system has enough resources such as load margin,
code, and channel element etc. the admission control will
accept the call and allocate resources to it.
Purpose of Admission Control
When user initiates a call , the admission control should
implement admission or rejection for this service according
to the resource situation.
The admission control will sustain the system stability
firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling services
QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER),
and delay etc. basing on the radio measurement.
Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming
services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity
and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.
Admission Control in Uplink
I
total_old
+I >I
threshold

The current RTWP (Received
Total Wide Power) value of cell,
which is reported by Node B
Access
Threshold
Interference capacity
Service priority
Reserved capacity for
handover
I
own-
cell

0
~
N
I
other-
cell
The forecasted interference including the delta
interference brought by the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment
Admission Control in Downlink
P
total_old
+P>=P
threshold

Access
Threshold
The forecasted TCP value including delta
power required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment.
The current TCP value of cell, which is reported by Node B
Transmitted Carrier Power*P
max

Max TCP of cell
Service priority
Reserved capacity for
handover
Content
Classification of channels
Physical layer procedure
RAKE Receiver
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Load control
The purpose of load control is to keep the
system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as to
improve the system stability.
The speed and position
changing of UE may
worsen the wireless
environment.
Increased transmitted
power will increase the
system load.
Purpose of Load Control
Load Control Flows
Start
Decision
Light loaded
Over loaded
Normal loaded
1.Handover in and
access are forbidden
2. TCP increase is
forbidden
3. RAB service rate
degrade
4. Handover out
5. Release call (call drop)
1. Handover in and access
are allowed
2. Transmitted code power
(TCP) increase is allowed
3. RAB service rate
upgrade is allowed
1. Handover in
and access are
allowed
2. TCP increase
is allowed
Load Control in Uplink
Triggers
RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from
measurement report exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of
services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
Methods for decreasing load
Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover to GSM system;
Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
Release calls.
Methods for increasing load
Increase the service rate.
Load Control in Downlink
Triggers
TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report
exceeds the downlink overload threshold;
Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of
services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in
downlink.
Methods for decreasing load
Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;
Handover to GSM system;
Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
Release calls.
Methods for increasing load
Increase the service rate.
Cell breathing is
one of the means
for load control
The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-
spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to
improve the utilization of system capacity.
Cell Breathing Effect
Example for load control
Cell Breathing Effect
With the increase of activated
terminals and the increase of high
speed services, interference will
increase.
The cell coverage area will shrink.
Coverage blind spot occurs
Drop of call will happen at the edge
of cell
Coverage and
capacity are
interrelated
DL/UL:
Add carrier
six sectors
UL
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
4 Rx Div
OTSR
DL
transmission diversity (Tx Div)
high power amplifier
Add basestation
last choice
Optimization methods
To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by increased
traffic and meet different requirements for capacity and
coverage in different environment, following solutions can
be applied:
Factors Impact on UMTS capacity
RAKE
Receiver
The advanced receiving and baseband processing
technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading
Power Control Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing capacity
Handover
Control
Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion
and algorithm of soft handover
Admission
Control
Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission
threshold of planned capacity
Load Control
Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services to
avoid overload
OVSF Code
The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
simultaneous connections.
Wireless
Environment
Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position and
mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity
Factors affects UMTS Capacity