DIGITAL MODULATIONS

(Chapter 8)
1999 BG Mobasseri
2
Why digital modlatio!"

I# or goal $a% to de%ig! a digital

&a%e&a!d 'omm!i'atio! %y%tem( $e ha)e
do!e that

*ro&lem i% &a%e&a!d 'omm!i'atio! $o!+t

ta,e% % #ar( literally a!d #igrati)ely

Digital modlatio! to a %-are pl%e i%

$hat a!alog modlatio! $a% to me%%age%
1999 BG Mobasseri
.
A &lo', diagram
Messsage
source
Source
coder
Line coder
Pulse
shaping
demodulator detector
channel
modulator
decision
1011
G/OM/T0IC
0/*0/S/NTATION O1
SIGNALS
1999 BG Mobasseri
2
The idea

We are %ed to %eei!g %ig!al% e3pre%%ed

either i! time or #re-e!'y domai!

There i% a!other repre%e!tatio! %pa'e that

portray% %ig!al% i! more i!titi)e #ormat

I! thi% %e'tio! $e de)elop the idea o#

%ig!al% a% mltidime!%io!al )e'tor%
1999 BG Mobasseri
4
5a)e $e %ee! thi% &e#ore"

Why ye%6 0emem&er the &elo)ed e

728#'t

$hi'h 'a! &e $ritte! a%
e
728#'t
9'o%(28#
'
t):7%i!(28#
'
t)
inphase
quadrature
1999 BG Mobasseri
;
/3pre%%i!g %ig!al% a% a
$eighted %m

Sppo%e a %ig!al %et 'o!%i%t% o# M %ig!al%

%
i
(t)(I9<(=(M> /a'h %ig!al 'a! &e
repre%e!ted &y a li!ear %m o# &a%i%
#!'tio!%
s
i
t ( ) s
ij

j
t ( )
j 1
N

i 1,..., M
0 t T
1999 BG Mobasseri
8
Co!ditio!% o! &a%i% #!'tio!%

1or the e3pa!%io! to hold( &a%i% #!'tio!%

m%t &e ortho!ormal to ea'h other

Mathemati'ally?

Geometri'ally?

i
t ( )
j
t ( )

dt
0 i j
1 i j

'

k
1999 BG Mobasseri
@
Compo!e!t% o# the %ig!al
)e'tor

/a'h %ig!al !eed% N !m&er% to &e

repre%e!ted &y a )e'tor> The%e N !m&er%
are gi)e! &y pro7e'ti!g ea'h %ig!al o!to
the i!di)idal &a%i% #!'tio!%?

%
i7
mea!% pro7e'tio! o# %
i
(t)o!
7
(t)
s
ij
s
i
(t)
j
t ( )
0
T

dt
s
ij
s
i

j
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A
Sig!al %pa'e dime!%io!

5o$ ma!y &a%i% #!'tio!% doe% it ta,e to

e3pre%% a %ig!al" It depe!d% o! the
dime!%io!ality o# the %ig!al

Some !eed 7%t < %ome !eed a! i!#i!ite

!m&er>

The !m&er o# dime!%io!% i% N a!d i%

al$ay% le%% tha! the !m&er o# %ig!al% i!
the %et
NB9M
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<
/3ample? 1orier %erie%

0emem&er 1oirer %erie%" A %ig!al $a%

e3pa!ded a% a li!ear %m o# %i!e% a!d
'o%i!e% o# di##ere!t #re-e!'ie%> So!d%
#amiliar"

Si!e% a!d 'o%i!e% are the &a%i% #!'tio!%

a!d are i! #a't orthogo!al to ea'h other
cos 2nf
o
t ( )
T
o

cos 2mf
o
t ( )dt 0, m n
f
o
1/ T
o
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2
/3ample? #or %ig!al %et

A 'omm!i'atio! %y%tem %e!d% o!e o# C

po%%i&le %ig!al%> /3pa!d ea'h %ig!al i!
term% o# t$o gi)e! &a%i% #!'tio!%
1 1
1 1 2
1
-0.5
2
1
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.
Compo!e!t% o# %
<
(t)

Thi% i% a 2DD%ig!al %pa'e> There#ore( ea'h

%ig!al 'a! &e repre%e!ted &y a pair o#
!m&er%> Let+% #i!d them

1or %
<
(t)
s
11
s
1
(t)
1
t ( )
0
2

dt 1 ( ) 1 ( )
0
1

dt + 0 1
s
12
s
1
(t)
2
t ( )
0
2

dt 0 + 0.5 ( ) 1 ( )
0
1

dt 0.5
t
t
1 2
1
1
-0.5
s
1
(t)

1
s=(1,-0.5)
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C
I!terpretatio!

%
<
(t) i% !o$ 'o!de!%ed i!to 7%t t$o
!m&er%> We 'a! Ere'o!%tr'tF %
<
(t) li,e
thi%
%
<
(t)9(<)
<
(t):(DA>2)
2
(t)

A!other $ay o# loo,i!g at it i% thi%

1
-0.5

2
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2
Sig!al 'o!%tellatio!

1i!di!g i!di)idal 'ompo!e!t% o# ea'h

%ig!al alo!g the t$o dime!%io!% get% %
the 'o!%tellatio!
s4
s1
s2
s3

2
-0.5
-0.5 0.5
1999 BG Mobasseri
<4
Lear!i!g #rom the
'o!%tellatio!

So ma!y %ig!al propertie% 'a! &e i!#erred

&y %imple )i%al i!%pe'tio! or %imple math

Orthogo!ality?
G %
<
a!d %
C
or orthogo!al> To %ho$ that( %imply #i!d
their i!!er prod't( B %
<
( %
C
H
B %
<
( %
C
H9%
<<
3%
C<
:%
<2
3%
C2
(<)(A>2):(<)(DA>2)9A
1999 BG Mobasseri
<;
1i!di!g the e!ergy #rom the
'o!%tellatio!

Thi% i% a %imple matter> 0emem&er(

0epla'e the %ig!al &y it% e3pa!%io!

E
i
s
i
2
(t)dt
0
T

E
i
s
ij

j
(t)
j 1
N

1
]
1
0
T

s
ik

k
(t)
k 1
N

1
]
1
dt
1999 BG Mobasseri
<8
/3ploiti!g the orthogo!ality
o# &a%i% #!'tio!%

/3pa!di!g the %mmatio!( all 'ro%%

prod't term% i!tegrate to Iero> What
remai!% are N term% $here 79,

E
i
s
ij
2

j
2
t ( )
j 1
N

1
]
1
0
T

dt s
ij
2

j
2
t ( )dt
0
T

1
]
1
j1
N

s
ij
2

j
2
t ( )dt
0
T

1
1 2 4 3 4
j 1
N

s
ij
2
j 1
N

1999 BG Mobasseri
<@
/!ergy i! %imple la!gage

What $e 7%t %a$ %ay% that the e!ergy o# a

%ig!al i% %imply the %-are o# the le!gth o#
it% 'orre%po!di!g 'o!%tellatio! )e'tor
3
2
E=9+4=13
E
1999 BG Mobasseri
2A
Co!%trai!ed e!ergy %ig!al%

Let+% %ay yo are !der pea, e!ergy /

p
'o!%trai!t i! yor appli'atio!> J%t ma,e
%re all yor %ig!al% are i!%ide a 'ir'le o#
radi% %-rt(/
p
)
E
p
1999 BG Mobasseri
2<
Correlatio! o# t$o %ig!al%

A )ery de%ira&le %itatio! i! i% to ha)e

%ig!al% that are mtally orthogo!al> 5o$
do $e te%t thi%" 1i!d the a!gle &et$ee!
them

s1
s2
cos
12
( )
s
1
T
s
2
s
1
s
2
transpose
1999 BG Mobasseri
22
1i!d the a!gle &et$ee! %
<
a!d
%
2

Gi)e! that %
<
9(<(2)
T
a!d %
2
9(2(<)
T
( $hat i%
the a!gle &et$ee! the t$o"
s
1
T
s
2
1 2
[ ]
2
1

1
]
1
2 + 2 4
s
1
1+ 4 5
s
2
4 +1 5
cos
12
( )
4
5 5

4
5

12
36.9
o
1999 BG Mobasseri
2.
Di%ta!'e &et$ee! t$o %ig!al%

The 'lo%er %ig!al% are together the more

'ha!'e% o# dete'tio! error> 5ere i% ho$ $e
'a! #i!d their %eparatio!
d
12
2
s
1
s
2
2
s
1j
s
2 j
( )
2
j 1
N

(1)
2
+ (1)
2
2
d
12
2
1 2
1
2
1999 BG Mobasseri
2C
Co!%tellatio! &ildi!g %i!g
'orrelator &a!,%

We 'a! de'ompo%e the %ig!al i!to it%

'ompo!e!t% a% #ollo$%
s(t)

N
dt
0
T

dt
0
T

dt
0
T

s
1
s
2
s
N
N components
1999 BG Mobasseri
22
Dete'tio! i! the 'o!%tellatio!
%pa'e

0e'ei)ed %ig!al i% pt throgh the #ilter

&a!, &elo$ a!d mapped to a poi!t
s(t)

N
dt
0
T

dt
0
T

dt
0
T

s
1
s
2
s
N
components
mapped to a single point
1999 BG Mobasseri
24
Co!%tellatio! re'o)ery i!
!oi%e

A%%me %ig!al i% 'o!tami!ated $ith !oi%e>

All N 'ompo!e!t% $ill al%o &e a##e'ted>
The origi!al po%itio! o# %
i
(t) $ill &e
di%tr&ed
1999 BG Mobasseri
2;
A'tal e3ample

5ere i% a <4Dle)el 'o!%tellatio! $hi'h i%

re'o!%tr'ted i! the pre%e!'e o# !oi%e
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Eb/No=5 dB
1999 BG Mobasseri
28
Dete'tio! i! %ig!al %pa'e

O!e o# the M allo$a&le %ig!al% i%

tra!%mitted( pro'e%%ed throgh the &a!,
o# 'orrelator% a!d mapped o!to
'o!%tellatio! -e%tio! i% &a%ed o! $hat $e
%ee ( $hat $a% the tra!%mitted %ig!al"
received signal
which of the four did it
come from
1999 BG Mobasseri
2@
Mi!imm di%ta!'e de'i%io!
rle

It 'a! &e %ho$! that the optimm de'i%io!(

i! the %e!%e o# lo$e%t K/0( i% to pi', the
%ig!al that i% 'lo%e%t to the re'ei)ed
)e'tor> Thi% i% 'alled ma3imm li,elihood
de'i%io! ma,i!g
this is the most likely
transmitted signal
received
1999 BG Mobasseri
.A
De#i!i!g de'i%io! regio!%

A! ea%y dete'tio! method( i% to 'ompte

Ede'i%io! regio!%F o##li!e> 5ere are a #e$
e3ample%
decide s1
decide s2
s1
s2
measurement
decide s1
decide s2
decide s3 decide s4
s1
s2
s3
s4
decide s1
s1
1999 BG Mobasseri
.<
More #ormally>>>

*artitio! the de'i%io! %pa'e i!to M

de'i%io! regio!% L
i
( i9<(=(M> Let M &e the
mea%reme!t )e'tor e3tra'ted #rom the
re'ei)ed %ig!al> The!
i# ML
i
%
i
$a% tra!%mitted
1999 BG Mobasseri
.2
5o$ doe% dete'tio! error
o''r"

Dete'tio! error o''r% $he! M la!d% i! L

i

&t it $a%!+t %
i
that $a% tra!%mitted>
Noi%e( amo!g other%( may &e the 'lprit
departure from transmitted
position due to noise
X
s
i
1999 BG Mobasseri
..
/rror pro&a&ility

$e 'a! $rite a! e3pre%%io! #or error li,e

thi%
*NerrorO%
i
P9*NM doe% !ot lie i! L
i
O%
i
$a%
tra!%mittedP

Ge!erally
P
e
P X Z
i
| s
i
{ }P{
i 1
M
s
i
}
1999 BG Mobasseri
.C
/3ample? K*SQ
(&i!ary pha%e %hi#t ,eyi!g)

K*SQ i% a $ell ,!o$! digital modlatio!

o&tai!ed &y 'arrier modlati!g a polar N0L
%ig!al> The rle i%
<? %
<
9A'o%(28#
'
t)
A?%
2
9 D A'o%(28#
'
t)
<+% a!d A+% are ide!ti#ied &y <8A degree
pha%e re)er%al at &it tra!%itio!%
1999 BG Mobasseri
.2
Sig!al %pa'e #or K*SQ

Loo, at %
<
a!d %
2
> What i% the &a%i%
#!'tio! #or them" Koth %ig!al% 'a! &e
!i-ely $ritte! a% a %'alar mltiple o# a
'o%i!e> So a %i!gle 'o%i!e i% the %ole &a%i%
#!'tio!> We ha)e a <DD 'o!%tellatio!
A -A
cos(2pif
c
t)
1999 BG Mobasseri
.4
Kri!gi!g i! /
&

We $a!t ea'h &it to ha)e a! e!ergy /

&
>
Kit% i! K*SQ are 01 pl%e% o# amplitde A
a!d dratio! T
&
> Their e!ergy i% A
2
T
&
R2 >
There#ore
/
&
9 A
2
T
&
R2 DDDHA9%-rt(2/
&
RT
&
)

We 'a! $rite the t$o &it% a% #ollo$%

s
1
t ( )
2E
b
T
b
cos 2f
c
t ( )
s
2
t ( )
2E
b
T
b
cos 2f
c
t
( )
1999 BG Mobasseri
.;
K*SQ &a%i% #!'tio!

A% a <DD %ig!al( there i% o!e &a%i% #!'tio!>

We al%o ,!o$ that &a%i% #!'tio!% m%t
ha)e !it e!ergy> U%i!g a !ormaliIatio!
#a'tor
/

9<

1
t ( )
2
T
b
cos 2f
c
t ( )
1999 BG Mobasseri
.8
1ormlati!g K/0

K*SQ 'o!%tellatio! loo,% li,e thi%

E
b
-E
b
X|1=[E
b
+n,n]
transmitted
received
noise
n
o
i
s
e
P
e1
P E
b
+ n < 0 | 1 is transmitted
{ }
if noise is negative enough, it will push
X to the left of the boundary, deciding 0
instead
1999 BG Mobasseri
.@
1i!di!g K/0

Let+% re$rite K/0

Kt ! i% ga%%ia! $ith mea! A a!d

)aria!'e N
o
R2
P
e1
P E
b
+ n < 0 | 1
{ }
P n < E
b
{ }
-sqrt(E
b
)
1999 BG Mobasseri
CA
K/0 #or K*SQ

U%i!g the tri', to #i!d the area !der a

ga%%ia! de!%ity(a#ter !ormaliIatio! $ith
re%pe't to )aria!'e)
K/09ST(2/
&
RNo)
A>2
U
or
K/09A>2er#'T(/
&
RNo)
A>2
U
1999 BG Mobasseri
C<
K*SQ /3ample

Data i% tra!%mitted at 0
&
9<A
4
&R%> Noi%e
*SD i% <A
D4
a!d pl%e% are re'ta!glar $ith
amplitde A>2 )olt> What i% the K/0"

1ir%t $e !eed e!ergy per &it( /

&
> <+% a!d A+%
are %e!t &y
t
2E
b
T
b
cos(2f
c
t)
2E
b
T
b
0.2
1999 BG Mobasseri
C2
Sol)i!g #or /
&

Si!'e &it rate i% <A

4
( &it le!gth m%t &e
<R0
&
9<A
D4

There#ore(
/
&
92A3<A
D4
92A $D%e'

0emem&er( thi% i% the re'ei)ed e!ergy>

What $a% tra!%mitted are pro&a&ly %e)eral
order% o# mag!itde &igger
1999 BG Mobasseri
C.
Sol)i!g #or K/0

Noi%e *SD i% N
o
R2 9<A
D4
> We ,!o$ #or K*SQ
K/09A>2er#'T(/
&
RNo)
A>2
U

What $e ha)e i% the!

1i!i%h thi% %i!g er# ta&le%

BER
1
2
erfc
E
b
N
o

_
,

1
2
erfc
2 10
7
2 10
6

_
,

1
2
erfc( 0.1)
1
2
erfc(0.316)
1999 BG Mobasseri
CC
Ki!ary 1SQ
(1re-e!'y Shi#t Qeyi!g)

A!other method to tra!%mit <+% a!d A+% i%

to %e t$o di%ti!'t to!e%( #
<
a!d #
2
o# the
#orm &elo$

Kt $hat i% the re-ireme!t% o! the to!e%"

Ca! they &e a!y to!e%"
s
i
t ( )
2E
b
T
b
cos 2f
i
t ( ), 0 t T
b
0

'

1999 BG Mobasseri
C2
*i',i!g the right to!e%

It i% de%ira&le to ,eep the to!e% orthogo!al

Si!'e to!e% are %i!%oid%( it i% %##i'ie!t

#or the to!e% to &e %eparated &y a! i!teger
mltiple o# i!)er%e dratio!( i>e>
f
i

n
c
+ i
T
b
, i 1, 2
n
c
some integer
1999 BG Mobasseri
C4
/3ample to!e%

Let+% %ay $e are %e!di!g data at the rate o#

< M&R%e' i! K1SQ( What are %ome typi'al
to!e%"

Kit le!gth i% <A

D4
%e'> There#ore( po%%i&le
to!e% are (%e !
'
9A)
#
<
9<RT
&
9< M5I
#
2
92RT
&
92M5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
C;
K1SQ dime!%io!ality

What doe% the 'o!%tellatio! o# K1SQ loo,

li,e" We #ir%t ha)e to #i!d it% dime!%io!

%
<
a!d %
2
'a! &e repre%e!ted &y t$o
ortho!ormal &a%i% #!'tio!%?

Noti'e #
<
a!d #
2
are %ele'ted to ma,e them
orthogo!al

i
t ( )
2
T
b
cos 2f
i
t ( ), 0 t T
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
C8
K1QS 'o!%tellatio!

There are t$o dime!%io!%> 1i!d the

'ompo!e!t% o# %ig!al% alo!g ea'h
dime!%io! %i!g
s
11
s
1
t ( )
0
T
b

1
t ( )dt E
b
s
12
s
1
t ( )
0
T
b

2
t ( )dt 0
s
1
( E
b
, 0)
E
b
E
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
C@
De'i%io! regio!% i! K1SQ

De'i%io!% are made &a%ed o! di%ta!'e%>

Sig!al% 'lo%er to %
<
$ill &e 'la%%i#ied a% %
<

a!d )i'e )er%a
4
5

d
e
g
r
e
e

l
i
n
e
1999 BG Mobasseri
2A
Dete'tio! error i! K1SQ

Let the re'ei)ed %ig!al la!d $here %ho$!>

A%%me %
<
i% %e!t> 5o$ $old a dete'tio!
error o''r"

3
2
H3
<
pt% M i! the
%
2
partitio!
s
1
s
2
X=received
x
1
x
2
P
e1
=P{x
2
>x
1
|s
1
was sent}
1999 BG Mobasseri
2<
Where do (3
<
(3
2
) 'ome #rom"

U%e the 'orrelator &a!, to e3tra't %ig!al

'ompo!e!t%
x=
s
1
(t)+noise

2
dt
0
T
b

dt
0
T
b

x
1
(gaussian)
x
2
(gaussian)
1999 BG Mobasseri
22
1i!di!g K/0

We ha)e to a!%$er thi% -e%tio!? $hat i%

the pro&a&ility o# o!e ra!dom )aria&le
e3'eedi!g a!other ra!dom )aria&le"

To 'a%t *(3
2
H3
<
) i!to li,e o# *(3H2)( re$rite
*(3
2
H3
<
O3
<
)

3
<
i% !o$ treated a% 'o!%ta!t> The!(
i!tegrate ot 3
<
to elimi!ate it
1999 BG Mobasseri
2.
K/0 #or K1SQ

S,ippi!g the detail% o# deri)atio!( $e get

P
e
BER
1
2
erfc
E
b
2N
o

_
,

1999 BG Mobasseri
2C
K*SQ a!d K1SQ 'ompari%o!?
e!ergy e##i'ie!'y

Let+% 'ompare their

K/0+%
P
e

1
2
erfc
E
b
2N
o

_
,

, BFSK
P
e

1
2
erfc
E
b
N
o

_
,

, BPSK

What doe% it ta,e to

ha)e the %ame K/0"

/
&
i! K1SQ m%t &e
t$i'e a% &ig a% K*SQ

Co!'l%io!? e!ergy per

&it m%t &e t$i'e a%
large i! K1SQ to
a'hie)e the %ame K/0
1999 BG Mobasseri
22
Compari%o! i! the
'o!%tellatio! %pa'e

Di%ta!'e% determi!e K/0+%> Let+% 'ompare

Koth ha)e the %ame /

&
( &t K*SQ+% are
#arther apart( he!'e lo$er K/0
E
b
E
b
2 E
b
E
b
E
b
1.4 E
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
24
Di##ere!tial *SQ

Co!'ept o# di##ere!tial e!'odi!g i% )ery

po$er#l

Ta,e the the &it %e-e!'e <<AA<AA<

Di##ere!tially e!'odi!g o# thi% %tream

mea!% that $e %tart $e a re#ere!'e &it a!d
the! re'ord 'ha!ge%
1999 BG Mobasseri
2;
Di##ere!tial e!'odi!g e3ample

Data to &e e!'oded

< A A < A A < <

Set the re#ere!'e &it to <( the! %e the

#ollo$i!g rle
G Ge!erate a < i# !o 'ha!ge
G Ge!erate a A i# 'ha!ge
< A A < A A < <
< < A < < A < < <
1999 BG Mobasseri
28
Dete'tio! logi'

Dete'ti!g a di##ere!tially e!'oded %ig!al i%

&a%ed o! the 'ompari%o! o# t$o ad7a'e!t
&it%

I# t$o 'oded &it% are the %ame( that mea!%

data &it m%t ha)e &ee! a <( other$i%e A
" " " " " " " "
< < A < < A < < <
Encoded received
bits
unknown transmitted
bits
1999 BG Mobasseri
2@
D*SQ? ge!eratio!

O!'e data i% di##ere!tially e!'oded( 'arrier

modlatio! 'a! &e 'arried ot &y a %traight
K*SQ e!'odi!g
G Digit <?pha%e A
G Digit A?pha%e <8A
< < A < < A < < <
A A 8 A A 8 A A A
Differentially encoded data
Phase encoded(BPSK)
1999 BG Mobasseri
4A
D*SQ dete'tio!

Data i% dete'ted &y a pha%e 'ompari%o! o#

t$o ad7a'e!t pl%e%
G No pha%e 'ha!ge? data &it i% <
G *ha%e 'ha!ge? data &it i% A
A A 8 A A 8 A A A
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Detected data
1999 BG Mobasseri
4<
Kit error% i! D*SQ

Kit error% happe! i! a! i!tere%ti!g $ay

Si!'e dete'tio! i% do!e &y 'ompari!g

ad7a'e!t &it%( error% ha)e the pote!tial o#
propagati!g

Allo$ a %i!gle dete'tio! error i! D*SQ

A A 8 8 A 8 A A A
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Back on track:no errors
Transmitted bits
Incoming phases
Detected bits
2 errors
1999 BG Mobasseri
42
Co!'l%io!

I! D*SQ( i# the pha%e o# the 01 pl%e i%

dete'ted i! error( error propagate%

5o$e)er( error propagatio! %top% -i',ly>

O!ly t$o &it error% are mi%dete'ted> The
re%t are 'orre'tly re'o)ered
1999 BG Mobasseri
4.
Why D*SQ"

Dete'ti!g reglar K*SQ !eed% a 'ohere!t

dete'tor( re-iri!g a pha%e re#ere!'e

D*SQ !eed% !o %'h thi!g> The o!ly

re#ere!'e i% the pre)io% &it $hi'h i%
readily a)aila&le
1999 BG Mobasseri
4C
MDary %ig!ali!g

Ki!ary 'omm!i'atio!% %e!d% o!e o# o!ly

2 le)el%V A or <

There i% a!other $ay? 'om&i!e %e)eral &it%

i!to %ym&ol%
< A < < A < < A < < < A A < <

Com&i!i!g t$o &it% at a time gi)e% ri%e to C

%ym&ol%V a CDary %ig!ali!g
1999 BG Mobasseri
42
8Dle)el *AM

5ere i% a! e3ample o# 8Dle)el %ig!ali!g

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
binary
7
5
3
2
1
-1
-3
-5
-7
1999 BG Mobasseri
44
A #e$ de#i!itio!%

We %ed to $or, $ith &it le!gth T

&
> No$
$e ha)e a !e$ parameter $hi'h $e 'all
%ym&ol le!gth(T
1 1
0
T
T
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
4;
Kit le!gthD%ym&ol le!gth
relatio!%hip

Whe! $e 'om&i!e ! &it% i!to o!e %ym&olV

the #ollo$i!g relatio!%hip% hold
T9!T
&
D %ym&ol le!gth
!9logM &it%R%ym&ol
T9T
&
3logMD %ym&ol le!gth

All logarithm% are &a%e 2

1999 BG Mobasseri
48
/3ample

I# 8 &it% are 'om&i!ed i!to o!e %ym&ol( the

re%lti!g %ym&ol i% 8 time% $ider

U%i!g !98( $e ha)e M92

8
9224 %ym&ol% to
pi', #rom

Sym&ol le!gth T9!T

&
98T
&
1999 BG Mobasseri
4@
De#i!i!g &ad

Whe! $e 'om&i!e ! &it% i!to o!e %ym&ol(

!meri'al data rate goe% do$! &y a #a'tor
o# !

We de#i!e &ad a% the !m&er o#

%ym&ol%R%e'

Sym&ol rate i% a #ra'tio! o# &it rate

09%ym&ol rate90
&
R!90
&
RlogM

1or 8Dle)el %ig!ali!g( &ad rate i% <R. o# &it

rate
1999 BG Mobasseri
;A
Why MDary"

0emem&er Ny-i%t &a!d$idth" It ta,e% a

mi!imm o# 0R2 5I to tra!%mit 0
pl%e%R%e'>

I# $e 'a! red'e the pl%e rate( re-ired

&a!d$idth goe% do$! too

MDary doe% 7%t that> It ta,e% 0

&
&it%R%e'
a!d tr!% it i!to 0
&
RlogM pl%e% %e'>
1999 BG Mobasseri
;<
I%%e% i! tra!%mitti!g @4AA
&it%R%e'

Wa!t to tra!%mit @4AA &it%R%e'> Optio!%?

G Ny-i%t+% mi!imm &a!d$idth?@4AAR29C8AA 5I
G 1ll roll o## rai%ed 'o%i!e?@4AA 5I

No!e o# them #it i!%ide the C Q5I $ide

pho!e li!e%

Go to a <4 D le)el %ig!ali!g( M9<4> *l%e

rate i% red'ed to
090
&
RlogM9@4AARC92CAA 5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
;2
U%i!g <4Dle)el %ig!ali!g

Go to a <4Dle)el %ig!ali!g( M9<4> *l%e rate

i% the! 't do$! to
090
&
RlogM9@4AARC92CAA pl%e%R%e'

To a''ommodate 2CAA pl%e% R%e'( $e

ha)e %e)eral optio!%> U%i!g %i!' $e !eed
o!ly <2AA 5I> 1ll rollDo## !eed% 2CAA5I

Koth #it $ithi! the C Q5I pho!e li!e

&a!d$idth
1999 BG Mobasseri
;.
Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y

Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y i% de#i!ed a% the

!m&er o# &it% that 'a! &e tra!%mitted
$ithi! < 5I o# &a!d$idth
90
&
RK
T
&it%R%e'R5I

I! &i!ary 'omm!i'atio! %i!g %i!'%(

K
T
90
&
R2DDH 92 &it%R%e'R5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
;C
MDary &a!d$idth e##i'ie!'y

I! MDary %ig!ali!g ( pl%e rate i% gi)e! &y

090
&
RlogM> 1ll rollDo## rai%ed 'o%i!e
&a!d$idth i% K
T
909 0
&
RlogM>

Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y i% the! gi)e! &y

90
&
RK
T
9logM &it%R%e'R5I

1or M92( &i!ary $e ha)e < &itR%e'R5I> 1or

M9<4( $e ha)e C &it%R%e'R5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
;2
MDary &a!d$idth

SmmariIi!g( MDary a!d &i!ary &a!d$idth

are related &y
K
MDary
9K
&i!ary
RlogM

Clearly ( MDary &a!d$idth i% red'ed &y a

#a'tor o# logM 'ompared to the &i!ary
&a!d$idth
1999 BG Mobasseri
;4
8Dary &a!d$idth

Let the &it rate &e @4AA &it%R%e'> Ki!ary

&a!d$idth i% !omi!ally e-al to the &it
rate( @4AA 5I

We the! go to 8Dle)el modlatio! (.

&it%R%ym&ol) MDary &a!d$idth i% gi)e! &y
K
MDary
9K
&i!ary
RlogM9@4AARlog89.2AA 5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
;;
Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y
!m&er%

5ere are %ome !m&er%

!(&it%R%ym&ol) M(le)el%) (&it%R%e'R5I)
< 2 <
2 C 2
. 8 .
C <4 C
8 224 8

1999 BG Mobasseri
;8
Sym&ol e!ergy )%> &it e!ergy

/a'h %ym&ol i% made p o# ! &it%> It i% !ot

there#ore %rpri%i!g #or a %ym&ol to ha)e !
time% the e!ergy o# a &it
/(%ym&ol)9!/
&
E
b
E
1999 BG Mobasseri
;@
S*SQ
-adratre pha%e %hi#t ,eyi!g

Thi% i% a C le)el modlatio!>

/)ery t$o &it% i% 'om&i!ed a!d mapped to

o!e o# C pha%e% o# a! 01 %ig!al

The%e pha%e% are C2

o
(<.2
o
(222
o
(.<2
o
s
i
(t)
2E
T
cos 2f
c
t +(2i 1)

1
]
, i 1, 2,3, 4
0

'

, 0 t T
Symbol energy
Symbol width
1999 BG Mobasseri
8A
S*SQ 'o!%tellatio!
45
o
00
01
11
10
E

1
t ( )
2
T
cos2f
c
t

2
t ( )
2
T
sin2f
c
t
Basis functions
S=[0.7 E,- 0.7 E]
1999 BG Mobasseri
8<
S*SQ de'i%io! regio!%
00
01
11
10
Decision regions re color-coded
1999 BG Mobasseri
82
S*SQ error rate

Sym&ol error rate #or S*SQ i% gi)e! &y

Thi% &ri!g% p the di%ti!'tio! &et$ee!

%ym&ol error a!d &it error> They are !ot the
%ame6
P
e
erfc(
E
2N
o
)
1999 BG Mobasseri
8.
Sym&ol error

Sym&ol error o''r% $he! re'ei)ed )e'tor

i% a%%ig!ed to the $ro!g partitio! i! the
'o!%tellatio!

Whe! %
<
i% mi%ta,e! #or %
2
( AA i% mi%ta,e!
#or <<
00
11
s1
s2
1999 BG Mobasseri
8C
Sym&ol error )%> &it error

Whe! a %ym&ol error o''r%( $e might

%##er more tha! o!e &it error %'h a%
mi%ta,i!g AA #or <<>

It i% ho$e)er !li,ely to ha)e more tha!

o!e &it error $he! a %ym&ol error o''r%
10 10 11 10 00
11 10 11 10 00
10 symbols = 20 bits
Sym.error=1/10
Bit error=1/20
1999 BG Mobasseri
82
I!terpreti!g %ym&ol error

Nmeri'ally( %ym&ol error i% larger tha! &it

error &t i! #a't they are de%'ri&i!g the
%ame %itatio!V < error i! 2A &it%

I! ge!eral( i# *
e
i% %ym&ol error
P
e
log M
BER P
e
1999 BG Mobasseri
84
Sym&ol error a!d &it error #or
S*SQ

We %a$ that %ym&ol error #or S*SQ $a%

A%%mi!g !o more tha! < &it error #or ea'h

%ym&ol error( K/0 i% hal# o# %ym&ol error

0emem&er %ym&ol e!ergy /92/

&
P
e
erfc(
E
2N
o
)
BER
1
2
erfc(
E
2N
o
)
1999 BG Mobasseri
8;
S*SQ )%> K*SQ

Let+% 'ompare the t$o &a%ed o! K/0 a!d

&a!d$idth
K/0 Ka!d$idth
K*SQ S*SQ K*SQ S*SQ
1
2
erfc
E
b
N
o

_
,

1
2
erfc
E
b
N
o

_
,

R
b
R
b
/2
EQUAL
1999 BG Mobasseri
88
MDpha%e *SQ (M*SQ)

I# yo 'om&i!e . &it% i!to o!e %ym&ol( $e

ha)e to realiIe 2
.
98 %tate%> We 'a!
a''ompli%h thi% $ith a %i!gle 01 pl%e
ta,i!g 8 di##ere!t pha%e% C2
o
apart
s
i
(t)
2E
T
cos 2f
c
t +(i 1)

1
]
, i 1,..., 8
0

'

, 0 t T
1999 BG Mobasseri
8@
8D*SQ 'o!%tellatio!

Di%tri&te 8 pha%or% !i#ormly aro!d a

'ir'le o# radi% W/
45
o
Decision region
1999 BG Mobasseri
@A
Sym&ol error #or M*SQ

We 'a! ha)e M pha%e% aro!d the 'ir'le

%eparated &y 28RM radia!%>

It 'a! &e %ho$! that %ym&ol error

pro&a&ility i% appro3imately gi)e! &y
P
e
erfc
E
N
o
sin

_
,

_
,
, M 4
1999 BG Mobasseri
@<
Sadratre Amplitde
Modlatio! (SAM)

M*SQ $a% a pha%e modlatio! %'heme> All

amplitde% are the %ame

SAM i% de%'ri&ed &y a 'o!%tellatio!

'o!%i%ti!g o# 'om&i!atio! o# pha%e a!d
amplitde%

The rle go)er!i!g &it%DtoD%ym&ol% are the

%ame( i>e> ! &it% are mapped to M92
!

%ym&ol%
1999 BG Mobasseri
@2
<4DSAM 'o!%tellatio! %i!g
Gray 'odi!g

<4DSAM ha% the #ollo$i!g 'o!%tellatio!

Note gray 'odi!g

$here ad7a'e!t %ym&ol%
di##er &y o!ly < &it
0010 0011 0001 0000
1010
1110
0110
1011
1111
0111
1001
1101
0101
1000
1100
0100
1999 BG Mobasseri
@.
Xe'tor repre%e!tatio!
o# <4DSAM

There are <4 )e'tor%( ea'h de#i!ed &y a

pair o# 'oordi!ate%> The #ollo$i!g C3C
matri3 de%'ri&e% the <4DSAM 'o!%tellatio!
[a
i
, b
i
]
3, 3 ( ) 1, 3 ( ) 1, 3 ( ) 3, 3 ( )
3,1 ( ) 1,1 ( ) 1,1 ( ) 3,1 ( )
3, 1 ( ) 1, 1 ( ) 1, 1 ( ) 3, 1 ( )
3, 3 ( ) 1, 3 ( ) 1, 3 ( ) 3, 3 ( )

1
]
1
1
1
1999 BG Mobasseri
@C
What i% e!ergy per %ym&ol i!
SAM"

We had !o tro&le de#i!i!g e!ergy per

%ym&ol / #or M*SQ> 1or SAM( there i% !o
%i!gle %ym&ol e!ergy> There are ma!y

We there#ore !eed to de#i!e a)erage

%ym&ol e!ergy /
a)g
E
avg

1
M
a
i
2
+ b
i
2
( )
i 1
M

1999 BG Mobasseri
@2
/
a)g
#or <4DSAM

U%i!g the Ta
i
(&
i
U matri3 a!d %i!g
/9a
i
Y2:&
i
Y2 $e get o!e e!ergy per %ig!al
E
18 10 10 18
10 2 2 10
10 2 2 10
18 10 10 18

1
]
1
1
1
E
avg
=10
1999 BG Mobasseri
@4
Sym&ol error #or MDary SAM

With the de#i!itio! o# e!ergy i! mi!d(

%ym&ol error i% appro3imated &y
P
e
2 1
1
M

_
,
erfc
2E
avg
2 M 1 ( )N
o

_
,

1999 BG Mobasseri
@;
1amiliar 'o!%tellatio!%

5ere are a #e$ golde! oldie%

V.22
600 baud
1200 bps
V.22 bis
600 baud
2400 bps
V.32 bis
2400 baud
9600 bps
1999 BG Mobasseri
@8
MDary 1SQ

U%i!g M to!e%( i!%tead o# M

pha%e%Ramplitde% i% a #!dame!tally
di##ere!t $ay o# MDary modlatio!

The idea i% to %e M 01 pl%e%> The

#re-e!'ie% 'ho%e! m%t &e orthogo!al
s
i
t ( )
2E
T
cos 2f
i
t ( ), 0 t T
i 1,..., M
1999 BG Mobasseri
@@
M1SQ 'o!%tellatio!?
.Ddime!%io!%

M1SQ i% di##ere!t #rom M*SQ i! that ea'h

%ig!al %it% o! a! orthogo!al a3i%(&a%i%)
s
1
s
2
s
3

i
t ( )
2
T
cos 2f
i
t
( )
,
0 t T
i 1,..., M
s
1
=[E ,0, 0]
s
2
=[0,E, 0]
s
3
=[0,0,E]
E
E
E
1999 BG Mobasseri
<AA
Orthogo!al %ig!al%?
5o$ ma!y dime!%io!%( ho$ ma!y
%ig!al%"

We 7%t %a$ that i! a . dime!%io!al %pa'e(

$e 'a! ha)e !o more tha! . orthogo!al
%ig!al%

/-i)ale!tly( . orthogo!al %ig!al% do!+t

!eed more tha! . dime!%io!% &e'a%e
ea'h 'a! %it o! o!e dime!%io!

There#ore( !m&er o# dime!%io!% i% al$ay%

le%% tha! or e-al to !m&er o# %ig!al%
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A<
5o$ to pi', the to!e%"

Orthogo!al 1SQ re-ire% to!e% that are

orthogo!al>

T$o 'arrier #re-e!'ie% %eparated &y

i!teger mltiple% o# period are orthogo!al
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A2
/3ample

Ta,e t$o to!e% o!e at #

<
the other at #
2
> T
m%t 'o)er o!e or more period% #or the
i!tegral to &e Iero

2cos 2f
1
t ( )cos 2f
2
t ( )dt cos2 f
1
+ f
2
( )dt
0
T

averages to zero
1 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
0
T

+ cos2 f
1
f
2
( )dt
0
T

averages to zero if T=i/(f1- f2)

; i=integer
1 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
Take f
1
=1000 and T=1/1000. Then
if f
2
=2000 , the two are orthogonal
so will f
2
=3000,4000 etc
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A.
M1SQ %ym&ol error

5ere i% the error e3pre%%io! $ith the %al

!otatio!%
P
e

1
2
M 1 ( )erfc
E
2N
o

_
,

1999 BG Mobasseri
<AC
Spe'trm o# MDary %ig!al%

So #ar /
&
RN
o
( i>e> po$er( ha% &ee! or mai!
'o!'er!> The #lip %ide o# the 'oi! i%
&a!d$idth>

1re-e!tly the t$o mo)e i! oppo%ite

dire'tio!%

Let+% #ir%t loo, at &i!ary modlatio!

&a!d$idth
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A2
K*SQ &a!d$idth

0emem&er K*SQ $a% o&tai!ed #rom a

polar %ig!al &y 'arrier modlatio!

We ,!o$ the &a!d$idth o# polar N0L %i!g

%-are pl%e% $a% K
T
90
&
>

It doe%!+t ta,e m'h to realiIe that 'arrier

modlatio! do&le% thi% &a!d$idth
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A4
Ill%trati!g K*SQ &a!d$idth

The e3pre%%io! #or &a%e&a!d K*SQ (polar)

&a!d$idth i%
S
K
(#)92/
&
%i!'
2
(T
&
#)
K
T
920
&
f 1/T
b
BPSK
f
c
+/T
b
f
c
-/T
b
f
c
2/T
b
=2R
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A;
K1SQ a% a %m o# t$o 01
%tream%

K1SQ 'a! &e thoght o# %perpo%itio! o#

t$o !ipolar %ig!al%( o!e at #
<
a!d the
other at #
2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
BFSK for 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
+
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A8
Modeli!g o# K1SQ &a!d$idth

/a'h %tream i% 7%t a 'arrier modlated

!ipolar %ig!al> /a'h ha% a %i!' %pe'trm
f
1
f
2
1/T
b
=R
b
f
c
f
c
=(f
1
+f
2
)/2
f
B
T
=2 f+2R
b
f= (f
2
-f
1
)/2
1999 BG Mobasseri
<A@
/3ample? <2AA &p% &a!d$idth

The old <2AA &p% %ta!dard %ed K1SQ

modlatio! %i!g <2AA 5I #or mar, a!d
22AA 5I #or %pa'e> What i% the &a!d$idth"

U%e
K
T
92#:20
&
#9(#
2
D#
<
)R29(22AAD<2AA)R292AA 5I
K
T
9232AA:23<2AA9.CAA 5I

Thi% i% more tha! K*SQ o# 20

&
92CAA 5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<A
S!de+% 1SQ

We might ha)e to pi', to!e% #

<
a!d #
2
that
are !ot orthogo!al> I! %'h a 'a%e there
$ill &e a #i!ite 'orrelatio! &et$ee! the
to!e%

2
T
b
cos(2f
1
t)
0
T
b

cos(2f
2
t)dt
1 2 3
2(f
2
-f
1
)T
b
Good points,zero correlation

1999 BG Mobasseri
<<<
*i',i!g the 2!d Iero 'ro%%i!g?
S!de+% 1SQ

I# $e pi', the %e'o!d I' term (the #ir%t

term pt% the to!e% too 'lo%e) $e get
2(#
2
D#
<
)T
&
92DDH #9<R2T
&
90
&
R2
remem&er # i% (#
2
D#
<
)R2

S!de+% 1SQ &a!d$idth i% the! gi)e! &y

K
T
92#:20
&
90
&
:20
&
9.0
&

The pra'ti'al &a!d$idth i% a lot %maller

1999 BG Mobasseri
<<2
S!de+% 1SQ &a!d$idth

De to %idelo&e 'a!'ellatio!( pra'ti'al

&a!d$idth i% 7%t K
T
92#90
&
f
1
f
2
1/T
b
=R
b
f
c
f
c
=(f
1
+f
2
)/2
f
B
T
=2 f+2R
b
f= (f
2
-f
1
)/2
f
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<.
K1SQ e3ample

A K1SQ %y%tem operate% at the .rd Iero

'ro%%i!g o# DT
&
pla!e> I# the &it rate i% <
M&p%( $hat i% the #re-e!'y %eparatio! o#
the to!e%"

The .rd I' i% #or 2(#

2
D#
<
)T
&
9.> 0e'alli!g that
#9(#
2
D#
<
)R2 the! # 9A>;2RT
&

The! # 9A>;2RT
&
9A>;23<A
4
9;2A Q5I

A!d K
T
92(# :0
&
)92(A>;2:<)<A
4
9.>2 M5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<C
*oi!t to remem&er

1SQ i% !ot a parti'larly &a!d$idthD

#rie!dly modlatio!> I! thi% e3ample( to
tra!%mit < M&p%( $e !eeded .>2 M5I>

O# 'or%e( it i% $or,i!g at the .rd Iero

'ro%%i!g that i% re%po!%i&le

Origi!al S!de+% 1SQ re-ire% K

T
90
&
9< M5I
Ka!d$idth o# M*SQ
modlatio!
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<4
M*SQ &a!d$idth re)ie$

I! M*SQ $e %ed pl%e% that are log

2
M
time% $ider ta! &i!ary he!'e &a!d$idth
goe% do$! &y the %ame #a'tor>
T9%ym&ol $idth9T
&
log
2
M

1or e3ample( i! a <4Dpha%e modlatio!(

M9<4( T9CT
&
>
K
-p%,
9K
&p%,
Rlog
2
M9 K
&p%,
RC
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<;
M*SQ &a!d$idth

M*SQ %pe'trm i% gi)e! &y

S
K
(#)9(2/
&
log
2
M)%i!'
2
(T
&
#log
2
M)
f/R
b
Notice normalized frequency
1/logM
Set to 1 for zero crossing BW
T
b
flog
2
M=1
-->f=1/ T
b
flog
2
M
=R
b
/log
2
M
B
T
= R
b
/log
2
M
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<8
Ka!d$idth a#ter 'arrier
modlatio!

What $e 7%t %a$ i% M*SQ &a!d$idth i!

&a%e&a!d

A tre M*SQ i% 'arrier modlated> Thi% $ill

o!ly do&le the &a!d$idth> There#ore(
Kmp%,920
&
Rlog
2
M
1999 BG Mobasseri
<<@
S*SQ &a!d$idth

S*SQ i% a %pe'ial 'a%e o# M*SQ $ith M9C

pha%e%> It+% &a%e&a!d %pe'trm i% gi)e! &y
S
K
(#)92/%i!'
2
(2T
&
#)
f/R
b
0.5
B=0.5R
b
-->
half of BPSK
1
After modulation:
B
qpsk
=R
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2A
Some !m&er%

Ta,e a @4AA &it%R%e' data %tream

U%i!g K*SQ? K920&9<@(2AA 5I (too m'h

#or CQ5I a!alog pho!e li!e%)

S*SQ? K9<@2AARlog
2
C9@4AA5I( %till high

U%e 8*SQ?K9 <@2AARlog

2
894CAA5I

U%e <4*SQ?K9<@2AAR log

2
<49C8AA 5I> Thi%
may &arely #it
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2<
M*SQ )%>K*SQ

Let+% %ay $e #i3 K/0 at %ome le)el> 5o$ do

&a!d$idth a!d po$er le)el% 'ompare"
M KmDaryRK&i!ary (A)g>po$er)MR(A)g>po$er)&i!
C A>2 A>.C dK
8 <R. .>@< dK
<4 <RC 8>22 dK
.2 <R2 <.>22 dK

Le%%o!? Ky goi!g to mltipha%e modlatio!( $e %a)e

&a!d$idth &t ha)e to pay i! i!'rea%ed po$er( Kt $hy"
1999 BG Mobasseri
<22
*o$erD&a!d$idth tradeo##

The goal i% to ,eep K/0 #i3ed a% $e

i!'rea%e M> Co!%ider a! 8*SQ %et>

What happe!% i# yo go to <4*SQ" Sig!al%

get 'lo%er he!'e higher K/0

Soltio!? go to a larger 'ir'leDDHhigher

e!ergy
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2.
Additio!al 'ompari%o!%

Ta,e a 28>8 Q&R%e' data rate a!d let+%

'ompare the re-ired &a!d$idth%
G K*SQ? K
T
92(0
&
)92;>4 Q5I
G K1SQ? K
T
9 0
&
928>8 Q5I >>>S!de+% 1SQ
G S*SQ? K
T
9hal# o# K*SQ928>8 Q5I
G <4D*SQ? K
T
9-arter o# K*SQ9<C>C Q5I
G 4CD*SQ? K
T
9<R4 o# K*SQ9@>4 Q5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2C
*o$erDlimited %y%tem%

Modlatio!% that are po$erDlimited a'hie)e

their goal% $ith mi!imm e3pe!ditre o#
po$er at the e3pe!%e o# &a!d$idth>
/3ample% are M1SQ a!d other orthogo!al
%ig!ali!g
1999 BG Mobasseri
<22
Ka!d$idthDlimited %y%tem%

Modlatio!% that a'hie)e error rate% at a

mi!imm e3pe!ditre o# &a!d$idth &t
po%%i&ly at the e3pe!%e o# too high a
po$er are &a!d$idthDlimited

/3ample% are )ariatio!% o# M*SQ a!d

ma!y SAM

Che', K/0 rate 'r)e% #or K1SQ a!d

K*SQRSAM 'a%e%
1999 BG Mobasseri
<24
Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y i!de3

A $hile &a', $e de#i!ed the #ollo$i!g ratio

a% a &a!d$idth e##i'ie!'y mea%re i!
&it%R%e'R5L
90
&
RK
T
&it%R%e'R5I

/)ery digital modlatio! ha% it% o$!

1999 BG Mobasseri
<2;
#or M*SQ

At a &it rate o# 0
&
( K*SQ &a!d$idth i% 20
&

Whe! $e go to M*SQ( &a!d$idth goe%

do$! &y a #a'tor o# log
2
M
K
T
920&R log
2
M

The!
90
&
RK
T
9 log
2
MR2 &it%R%e'R5I
1999 BG Mobasseri
<28
Some !m&er%

Let+% e)alate )%> M #or M*SQ

M2 C 8 <4 .2 4C
>2 < <>2 2 2>2 .

Noti'e that &it%R%e'R5I goe% p &y a #a'tor

o# 4 #rom M92 a!d M94C

The pri'e $e pay i% that i# po$er le)el i%

#i3ed ('o!%tellatio! radi% #i3ed) K/0 $ill
go p> We !eed more po$er to ,eep K/0
the %ame
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2@
De#i!i!g M1SQ?

I! M1SQ $e tra!%mit o!e o# M #re-e!'ie%

#or e)ery %ym&ol dratio! T

The%e #re-e!'ie% m%t &e orthogo!al>

O!e $ay to do that i% to %pa'e them <R2T
apart> They 'old al%o &e %pa'ed <RT
apart> 1ollo$i!g The te3t&oo, $e 'hoo%e
the #ormer (thi% 'orre%po!d% to %i!g the
#ir%t Iero 'ro%%i!g o# 'orrelatio! 'r)e)
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.A
M1SQ &a!d$idth

Sym&ol dratio! i! M1SQ i% M time% lo!ger

tha! &i!ary
T9T
&
log
2
M %ym&ol le!gth

/a'h pair o# to!e% are %eparated &y <R2T> I#

there are M o# them(
K
T
9MR2T9MR2T
&
log
2
M
DDHK
T
9M0
&
R2log
2
M
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.<
Co!tra%t $ith M*SQ

Xariatio! o# &a!d$idth $ith M di##er%

dra%ti'ally 'ompared to M*SQ
M*SQ M1SQ
K
T
920
&
Rlog
2
M K
T
9M0
&
R2log
2
M

A% M goe% p( M1SQ eat% p more

&a!d$idth &t M*SQ %a)e &a!d$idth
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.2
M1SQ &a!d$idth e##i'ie!'y

Let+% 'ompte +% #or M1SQ

90
&
RM92log
2
MRM &it%R%e'R5I=M1SQ
M 2 C 8 <4 .2 4C
< < >;2 >2 >. ><8

Noti'e &a!d$idth e##i'ie!'y drop> We are

%e!di!g #e$er a!d #e$er &it% per < 5I o#
&a!d$idth
COM*A0ISON O1 DIGITAL
MODULATIONSZ
ZK> S,lar( E De#i!i!g( De%ig!i!g a!d /)alati!g Digital Comm!i'atio! Sy%tem%(F
I/// Comm!i'atio! MagaIi!e( )ol> .<( !o><<( No)em&er <@@.( pp> @2D<A<
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.C
Notatio!%
M 2
m
# of symbols
m = log
2
M bits/symbol
R =
m
T
s

log
2
M
T
s
bits/ sec
T
s
symbol duration
R
s
symbol rate
T
b

1
R

T
s
m

1
mR
s
bit length

Ka!d$idth e##i'ie!'y
mea%re
R
W

log
2
M
WT
s

1
WT
b
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.2
Ka!d$idthDlimited Sy%tem%

There are %itatio!% $here &a!d$idth i% at

a premim( there#ore( $e !eed
modlatio!% $ith large 0RW>

5e!'e $e !eed %ta!dard% $ith large timeD

&a!d$idth prod't

The GSM %ta!dard %e% Ga%%ia! mi!imm

%hi#t ,eyi!g(GMSQ) $ith WT
&
9A>.
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.4
Ca%e o# M*SQ

I! M*SQ( %ym&ol% are m time% a% $ide a%

&i!ary>

Ny-i%t &a!d$idth i% W90

%
R29<R2T%>
5o$e)er( the &a!dpa%% &a!d$idth i% t$i'e
that( W9<RT%

The!
R
W

log
2
M
WT
s
log
2
M bits/sec/Hz
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.;
Co%t o# Ka!d$idth /##i'ie!'y

A% M i!'rea%e%( modlatio! &e'ome% more

&a!d$idth e##i'ie!t>

Let+% #i3 K/0> To mai!tai! thi% K/0 $hile

i!'rea%i!g M re-ire% a! i!'rea%e i! /
&
RN
o
>
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.8
*o$erDLimited Sy%tem%

There are 'a%e% that &a!d$idth i%

a)aila&le &t po$er i% limited

I! the%e 'a%e% a% M goe% p( the

&a!d$idth i!'rea%e% &t re-ired po$er
le)el% to meet a %pe'i#ied K/0 remai!%
%ta&le
1999 BG Mobasseri
<.@
Ca%e o# M1SQ

M1SQ i% a! orthogo!al modlatio! %'heme>

Ny-i%t &a!d$idth i% MDtime% the &i!ary

'a%e &e'a%e o# %i!g M orthogo!al
#re-e!'ie%( W9MRT%9M0
%

The!
R
W

log
2
M
WT
s

log
2
M
M
bits/sec/Hz
1999 BG Mobasseri
<CA
Sele't a! Appropriate
Modlatio!

We ha)e a 'ha!!el o# CQ5I $ith a!

a)aila&le SRNo92. dKD5I

0e-ired data rate 09@4AA &it%R%e'>

0e-ired K/09<A
D2
>

Choo%e a modlatio! %'heme to meet

the%e re-ireme!t%
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C<
Mi!imm Nm&er o# *ha%e%

To 'o!%er)e po$er( $e %hold pi', the

mi!imm !m&er o# pha%e% that %till meet%
the CQ5I &a!d$idth

A @4AA &it%R%e' i# e!'oded a% 8D*SQ

re%lt% i! .2AA %ym&ol%R%e' !eedi!g
.2AA5I

So( M98
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C2
What i% the re-ired /
&
RNo"
S
N
o

E
b
R
N
o

E
b
N
o
R
E
b
N
o
(dB)
S
N
o
(dB Hz) R(dBbits / sec
13.2dB
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C.
I% K/0 met" [e%

The %ym&ol error pro&a&ility i! 8D*SQ i%

Sol)e #or /%RNo

Sol)e #or */
P
E
M ( ) 2Q
2E
s
N
o
sin

_
,

1
]
1
BER
P
E
log
2
M

2.2 10
5
3
7.3 10
6
E
s
N
o
log
2
M ( )
E
b
N
0
3 20.89 62.67
1999 BG Mobasseri
<CC
*o$erDlimited !'oded
%y%tem

Same &it rate a!d K/0

A)aila&le &a!d$idth W9C2 Q5I

A)aila&le SRNo9C8DdK5I

Choo%e a modlatio! %'heme that yield%

the re-ired per#orma!'e
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C2
Ki!ary )%> MDary Model
M-ary Modulator R bits/s
R
s

R
log
2
M
symbols / s
M-ary demodulator
S
N
o

E
b
N
o
R
E
s
N
o
R
s
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C4
Choi'e o# Modlatio!

With 09@4AA &it%R%e' a!d W9C2 Q5I( the

'ha!!el i% !ot &a!d$idth limited

Let+% #i!d the a)aila&le /&RNo

E
b
N
o
(dB)
S
N
o
dB Hz ( ) R(dB bit / s)
E
b
N
o
(dB) 48dB Hz
(10log9600)dB bits / s
8.2dB
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C;
Choo%e M1SQ

We ha)e a lot o# &a!d$idth &t little po$er

DHorthogo!al modlatio!(M1SQ)

The larger the M( the more po$er

e##i'ie!'y &t more &a!d$idth i% !eeded

*i', the large%t M $ithot goi!g &eyo!d

the C2 Q5I &a!d$idth>
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C8
M1SQ *arameter%

1rom Ta&le <( M9<4 #or a! M1SQ

modlatio! re-ire% a &a!d$idth o# .8>C
Q5I #or @4AA &it%R%e' data rate

We al%o $a!ted to ha)e a K/0B<AYD2>

Se%tio! i% i# thi% i% met #or a <41SQ
modlatio!>
1999 BG Mobasseri
<C@
<4D1SQ

Agai! #rom Ta&le <( to a'hie)e K/0 o# <AYD

2 $e !eed /
&
RNo o# 8><dK>

We %ol)ed #or the a)aila&le /

&
RNo a!d that
'ame to 8>2dK
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2A
Sym&ol error #or M1SQ

1or !o!'ohere!t orthogo!al M1SQ( %ym&ol

error pro&a&ility i%
P
E
M ( )
M 1
2
exp
E
s
2N
o

_
,

E
s
E
b
log
2
M
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2<
K/0 #or M1SQ

We #o!d ot that /&RNo98>2dK or 4>4<

0elati!g /%RNo a!d /&RNo

K/0 a!d %ym&ol error are related &y

E
s
N
o
log
2
M ( )
E
b
N
o
P
B

2
m1
2
m
1
P
E
1999 BG Mobasseri
<22
/3ample

Let+% loo, at the <41SQ 'a%e> With <4

le)el%( $e are tal,i!g a&ot m9C &it% per
%ym&ol> There#ore(

With /%RNo924>CC( %ym&ol error pro&>

*/9<>C3<AYD2DDH*K9;>.3<AYD4
P
B

2
3
2
4
1
P
E

8
15
P
E
1999 BG Mobasseri
<2.
Smmary

Gi)e!?
G 09@4AA &it%R%
G K/09<AYD2
G Cha!!el &a!d$ith9C2
Q5I
G /
&
RNo98>2dK

Soltio!
G <4D1SQ
G re-ired &$9.8>C,hI
G re-ired /
&
RNo98><dK