Phase Diagram for Water

Hydrogen Bonding in Water

Transfer Processes and Storage (Reservoirs)
Residence Time
Time to replace a substance in a reservoir, or
average length of time a substance exists in a
reservoir




Total Amount
Rate of Addition or Removal
Water in atm. = 11 days
Water on land = 1 year
Water in oceans = 3500 years
Importance of Water Cycle to
the Earth System
Transfers heat
Sea level change
Greenhouse gas
Global warming will affect it
Renewable resource; energy source
Weathering and erosion agent
Interacts with the Carbon Cycle


Energy Absorbed and Released During
Phase Changes of Water
Difference
in Heating
of Land
and Ocean
Summer Winter
Air Circulation
30
o
N 0
o
30
o
S
Hot,
humid
air
Rain
Cool,
dry
air
Cool,
dry
air
Equator has tropical rain forests; subtropics have deserts.
A True Color Picture of Earth
amount
size
Sea level also changes due to temperature.
Top Climate-Water Issues
Sea-level rise
Snow-pack loss
Redistribution of water resources
Water vapor feedback
Ice Sheet Melting & Sea Level Rise
Rate of Sea Level Rise
(Data from IPCC WGI Summary for Policymakers)
Sea-Level Rise and Water Supplies
Saltwater contamination of
coastal ground-water wells
Salinity encroachment on
municipal water intakes
from rivers
Loss of glacial meltwater
Coastal States
Composition of Natural Waters
Carbonate Equilibria:
CO
2
+ H
2
O

CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

CH
2
O + O
2
=> CO
2
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
H
2
CO
3
H+ + HCO
3
-
Chemical Weathering
Limestones
H
2
CO
3
+ CaCO
3
<==> Ca
+2
+ 2HCO
3
-


Silicates
2H
2
CO
3
+ NaAlSi
3
O
8
==> Na
+
+ 2HCO
3
-

+ clay minerals
2H
2
CO
3
+ CaAl
2
Si
2
O
8
==> Ca
+2
+ 2HCO
3
-
+ clay minerals
What happens to CO
2
during chemical weathering?
Role of water? pH of river water? Seawater?
Chemical Weathering
Chemical Composition
of Seawater
Six major constituents
Two anions - Cl
-
, SO
4
=

Four cations - Na
+
, Mg
+
, Ca
+2
, K
+

pH is buffered by CO
2
- CaCO
3
system
Residence Time
Time to replace a substance in a reservoir, or average
length of time a substance exists in a reservoir

Total Amount
Rate of Addition or Removal
Sources of Sea Salt
Weathering of continents
Volcanic eruptions
Hydrothermal vents
Oxygen Concentration
Solubility depends on T and Salinity
Warm, saline water holds less O
2

Oxygen consumption in water column
Respiration by animals
Mixing rate of oceans
Sluggish mixing - low rate of O
2
replenishment
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Solubility depends on T and S
CO
2
is released by animals
Mixing rate of oceans
Affects pH of seawater (What is its pH?)
Similar to concentration profiles of
nutrients (PO
4
-3
, NO
3
-
)

X
pH - function of dissolved CO
2

Reacts with water to produce carbonic
acid, which releases H
+
ions
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
3
-
H
+
+ CO
3
-2

H
2
CO
3
is carbonic acid, HCO
3
-
is the
bicarbonate ion and CO
3
-2
is the
carbonate ion
CO
2
in Seawater
Carbonate system - buffers against large
shifts in pH
Carbonates dissolve in deep water
Higher CO
2
makes the water less alkaline (pH
7.8)
Warm, shallow water has less dissolved CO
2
More alkaline than deep water (pH 8.2)
Carbonate sediments are abundant

CO
2
in Seawater
Carbonate System
Precipitation of CaCO
3

----
HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
=> CO
3
=
+ H
2
O
Calcite (or Calcium Carbonate)
Compensation Depth (CCD)
CaCO
3
dissolves in deeper water due to
higher CO
2
content in deep water
Deepest sediments have little or no
CaCO
3

CCD is deeper (less dissolution) in the
Atlantic Ocean than in the Pacific
Why?
The
Carbonate
System
Changes in the CCD for the
Past 100 m.y.