ALCATEL University - - Ed1 -

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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY

( SDH )
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
A BRIEF HISTORY

- 1983 : BELLCORE proposal and standardization of a 45 Mbit/s synchronous frame
(SYNTRAN system) providing direct access to the 64 kbit/s channel
- at the same time,AT&T develops a synchronous system (METROBUS) at 146 Mbit/s.
- 1985 : BELLCORE begins research into a "Synchronous Optical Network " project.
"SONET will be the basis of work at the CCITT.
- 1986 : CCITT committee set up on the subject.
- 1988 : first CCITT Recommendations are published (G.707 to G.709).
- 1990 : ETSI chooses multiplexing as the way forward.
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PDH VERSUS SDH
PDH SDH
Different standards between US and rest of
world. No standard above 565 Mbit/s
Worldwide CCITT standard, three
standard rates:
155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s, 2.5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s
Manufacturer-specific administration Standardization of TMN under way (info
model)
Access to basic channels at the cost of
numerous multiplexing/demultiplexing stages
Simplified access to basic channels by the
system of A.U. and A.D.M. (Add and Drop
Multiplexors)
Service modification long and costly Reconfiguration on request by T.M.N.
Ruggedness and rerouting of data
expensive
New network structures (loop) with
inherent protection
Knowledge of quality in "portions" Knowledge of quality from end to end
OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
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SDH: THE LEADING ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
G.703: Definition of the electrical interface (CMI, adaptation, frequency accuracy)
G.707: Definition of standardized bit rates (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64)
G.708: Definition of multiplexing schemes (STM-n, VC-n, SOH structure)
G.709: Detailed description of multiplexing structure (pointers)
G.773: TMN protocol suites
G.774: SDH network element management information models
G.782: Architecture and general characteristics of multiplexing equipment (DCC, MCF, SEMF, MTS)
G.783: Description of functional blocks: RST, MST, MSP, SA + various concepts: alarm filters, jitter and wander,
MSP protocols
G.784: Supervision of a synchronous network: quality management, QECC
G.803: Functional architecture
G.825: Jitter and wander performance
G.826: Performance (quality) of digital networks
G.957: Definition of optical interfaces
G.958: Optical line system
OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
ALCATEL University - - Ed1 -
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STM-N
AU-4 AUG VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
TU-2
TU-3 VC-3
VC-2
VC-12
VC-11 C-11
C-12
C-4
AU-3 VC-3
C-3
TU-11
139.264 Mbit/s
44.736 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
C-2
6.312 Mbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
1.544 Mbit/s
xN
x1
x3
x7
x4
x7
x1
x1
x3
x3
STM-N FRAME MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
Multiplexing
Pointer processing
Alignment
Mapping
OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
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STRUCTURE OF THE STM-1 FRAME
1
RSOH
PAYLOAD
MSOH
9
1 9 10 270
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
Frame length: 2430 bytes
Frame frequency: 8 kHz
Bit rate: 155.520 Mbit/s
OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
ALCATEL University - - Ed1 -
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU POINTERS
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
BYTES RESERVED FOR FUTURE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION
BYTES RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
MEDIA DEPENDENT BYTES
A1,A2 Framing
D1,D12 Data communication channel
J0 (or C1) Module identifier
E1,E2 Orderwire
F1 User channel
B1 BIP-8 (regenerator section quality)
B2 BIP-24 (multiplex section quality)
K1,K2 APS channel
Z1,Z2 Spare
S1 Synchronization state
M1 "FEBE section"
SOH STRUCTURE
(ITU-T G.708)
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU POINTERS
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
BYTES RESERVED FOR 2 MBIT/S, JUSTIFIED
MEDIA DEPENDENT BYTES
A1,A2 Framing
D1,D12 Data communication channels
J0 (or C1) Module identifier
E1,E2 Orderwire
F1 User channel
B1 BIP-8 (regenerator section quality)
B2 BIP-24 (multiplex section quality)
K1,K2 APS channel
Z1,Z2 Spare
S1 Synchronization state
M1 "FEBE section"
SOH STRUCTURE
(ETSI proposal TM4, not ITU-T compliant)
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
RADIO SYSTEM FRAME ( STM-1 )
1
RSOH
PAYLOAD
MSOH
9
1 9 10 270
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
Lenght frame: 2430 octets
Frame frequency: 8 KHz
Bit rate: 155.520 Mbit/s
2Mbit/S Way Side Traffic
Specific bytes for A96xxUSY(ATPC,MC,DSI)+ E1, F1,D1-D2-D3
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
PRINCIPLES OF MULTIPLEXING IN SDH
- mapping of the plesiochronous tributary into a "container" using padding and justification bits: conventional
plesiochronous multiplexing.
- addition of the corresponding PO H (creation of the "virtual container")
- the "virtual container" is the basic element in SDH
- alignment of the virtual containers in the "tributary units" by positive-zero-negative justification. The VC floats
within the TU. Its position is indicated on each frame by "pointers".
- identical alignment by pointers is used to form the AU.
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
Terminology:

AU-n Administrative Unit,level n (= VC-n + PT for high order containers
AUG Adminitrative Unit Group (group of AU-n)
C-n Container, level n
TU-n Tributary Unit, level n (=VC-n + PT for basic containers)
TUG Tributary Unit Group (group of TU-n)
VC-n Virtual Container, level n (=C-n + POH)
Bit rate (kbit/s) for networks in which the hierarchy is based on a
primary rate of
Digital hierarchy level G702 1544kbit/s 2048kbit/s
1 1544 2048
2 6312 8448
3 44736 34368
4 97728 139264
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PT
1
2
N
STM-N
PT
PT
P
O
H
POH
VC-4
VC-3
ou
VC-12
MULTIPLEXING WITH TWO LEVELS OF POINTERS
PPOOPOINTERSPOINTERSXNIVEAUX DE POINTEURS
PT
PT: POINTER
OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
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OVERVIEW OF THE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
SPI
RST MST MSA
SPI
RST MST
SOME FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS FROM RECOMMENDATION G.782
SPI (Synchronous Physical Interface)
RST (Regenerator Section Termination): Starts and ends the RSOH
MST (Multiplex Section Termination): Starts and ends the MSOH
MSA (Multiplex Section Adaptation): AU3/4 pointer processing
SEMF
MCF
SETS SETPI
Q interface
F interface
external synchronization
SEMF (Synchronous Equipment Management Function): converts supervision data into object-oriented
messages
MCF (Message Communication Function): provides the means of conveying TMN messages
SETS (Synchronous Equipment Timing Source): represents the frequency standard for the network
element
SETPI (Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface): physical interface with the external clock