9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 1

Kinematics in Two-Dimensions
1. Vectors
1.1. Vector Addition/Subtraction
1.2. Vector Multiplication:
Cross Product
Dot Product
2. Motion in 2-Dimensions

Projectiles, maximum height, time, range

3. Relative velocity
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 2
Lesson Outcomes
Students should be able to:
1. define the components of displacement, velocity and
acceleration in both dimensions
2. define projectile motion
3. derive the projectile euations o! motion
4. apply the projectile equations of motion to determine
the maximum height and range and the total time o!
motion
5. define the relative velocity
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 3

Displacement, velocity, acceleration,

momentum and !orce are eamples of
vector quantities.
"ectors

! vector quantity is any quantity "ith

magnitude and direction#
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 4
a
$
#et$s say you have 2 vectors a % b
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 5
a
$
a % $
&dding "ectors
&rian'le (ethod
a
$
a % $
)arallelo'ram (ethod
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 6
'u$tracting "ectors
a
$
a - $ ( a % )-$*
- $
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 7
Addin Vectors
a
(ethod 3: *esolvin' the vectors

a
x
( a cos
a
y
( a sin
2
y
2

a a a + =
x
y
a
a
1
tan +

=
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 8
&dding "ectors
(ethod 3: *esolvin' the vectors
a
x
( a cos
a

a
y
( a sin
a
c ( a % $
c
x
( a
x
% $
x
c
y
( a
y
% $
y
$
x
( $ cos
$

$
y
( $ sin
$
x
y
2
y
2
x
c
c
tan
c c c
1
c

=
+ =
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 9
a
$
c ( a % $
c
x
a
y
$
x
c
y
a
!
a
!
$
x
a
y
$
y
$
y
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0014 PHYSICS I 10
&here are t"o type of vector multiplication:,
"ector +ultiplication

dot multiplication scalar

and

cross multiplication
vector
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0014 PHYSICS I 11
Scalar quantit
Dot multiplication: a b " a b cos

a
b
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 12
a b " a b cos - " a b
Special cases:



.ase 1:
/ -
o
.ase 2:
/ 0-
o
a b " a b cos 0- " -
a
b
a
b
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 13
!"ct#r quantit
#ross multiplication: a b " ab sin

a
b
9/18/14 06:40:14 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 14
a b " a b sin - " -
Special cases:



.ase 1:
/ -
o
.ase 2:
/ 0-
o
a b " a b sin 0- " a b
a
b
a
b
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 15
x
y
z
a
i
$
%
a
x
a
y
a
z
a " a
x
i & a
y
$ & a
,
%
i i " 1 i $ " '
$ $ " 1 $ % " '
% % " 1 % i " '
i $ " % i i " '
$ % " i $ $ " '
% i " $ % % " '
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 16
Displacement, velocity and acceleration
1isplacement
!vera'e velocity
2nstantaneous velocity
-
r r r =
t
r
t t
r r
v
-
-
av

=
dt
dr
t
r
v
- t
=

=

lim
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 17
3ector components of v are v

and v
y
!vera'e acceleration
2nstantaneous acceleration

&he acceleration has a vector components a

and a
y
in x an y,directions.
sin v v , cos v v
y x
= = and
t
v
t t
v v
a
av

=
-
-
dt
dv
t
v
lim a
t
=

=
-
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 18
$%a&'l"
! spacecraft has initial velocity component of
v
0x
/ 422m5s and acceleration component a
x
/ 424m5s
2
. 2n
the y,direction it has v
0y
/ 414m5s and a
y
/ 412m5s
2
. &he
direction to the ri'ht and up"ard have been chosen as
positive directions.
6ind 7a8 x and v
x
, 7b8 y and v
y
and 7c8 the final velocity
7ma'nitude and direction8 of the spacecraft at
time, t / 9.- s.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 19
The spacecraft motion is twodimensional motion
X,part of the motion is independent of the y,part. Similarly
the y,part is independent of x,part of the motion.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 20
S#luti#n
a8 x and v
x
b8 y and v
y
v
0x
/ 422m5s a
x
/ 424m5s
2
v
0y
/414m5s a
y
/ 412m5s
2
( ) m s s / m s s / m t a t v x
x x
942 9 24
2
1
9 22
2
1
2
2
-
+ = + = + =
m/s s . s / m s / m t a v v
x x x
10- - 9 24 22
-
+ = + = + =
( ) m 30- 9 12
2
1
9 14
2
1
2
2
-
+ = + = + = s s / m s s / m t a t v y
y y
( ) m/s s s / m s / m t a v v
y y y
0: 9 12 14
-
+ = + = + =
( ) m 94- 9 22
2
1
9 22
2
1
2
2
-
+ = + = + = s s / m s s / m t a t v x
x x
( ) m s s / m s s / m t a t v y
y y
302 9 12
2
1
9 14
2
1
2
2
-
+ = + = + =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 21
()" &a*nitu+" an+ t)" +ir"cti#n #, -'ac"cra,t ar"
%x
s / m ) s / m ( ) s / m ( v v v
y x
21- 0: 10-
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
=

= = 29
10-
0:
tan or
1 ,

x
y
v
v
tan
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 22
Pr#."ctil" M#ti#n

)rojectile motion is a motion o! o$ject in the 2-D plane

under the in!luence o! gravity, as sho"n in 6i'. 2.

&o analy;e a projectile motion "e need to consider the

components of the motion in the x, and y, directions
separately.

<e note that the x,component of the acceleration is ;ero

7a
x
/ -8, and the y,component is constant and equal to = g or
g, 7a
y
/ g8, dependin' on "hether "e ta>e up"ards to be the
&ve y,direction or (ve y,direction, respectively.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 23
)i. 2: &he trajectory of a body projected "ith an initial velocity v
o
at an an'le above the
hori;ontal. &he distance - is the hori;ontal ran'e, and h is the maimum hei'ht to "hich
the particle rises.
v
y
/ v
oy
v

/ v
o
v
y
/ -
-
h
O

v
y
v

v
o
v

/ v
o
v
y
/ , v
oy

v

y
x
= = sin and cos
- y - - -
v v v v
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 24
2n projectile motion "e can epress all the vector
relationships in terms of separate equations for the
hori;ontal and vertical components. &he components of
the acceleration are:
a
x
= 0 and a
y
= - g

&herefore "e can still directly use the previous
equations of motion "ith constant acceleration.
Projectile Motion
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 25
x,direction y,direction
Acc"l"rati#n
!"l#cit
/i-'lac"&"nt
&he components of initial velocity* v
-
are
a
y
/ g
a
x
0 0
+ and +
- - - -
sin v v cos v v
y
x
= =
x x
v v
-
=
gt v v
y y
=
-
t v x
x
-
=
2
-
2
1
gt t v y
y
=
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 26
Projectile Motion

?sin' the information 'iven in the table above and the

equations of motion, you can solve any problem dealin'
"ith motion in a plane, provided you ma>e an assumption
that there is no air resistance.

!nd al"ays remember that there is no acceleration in the

x,direction.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 27
+ime ta%en ,or a pro$ectile to reac- t-e
ma!imum -ei-t.

@ou can see that the object in the projectile chan'ed its
direction from 'oin' up"ards to comin' do"n"ards.

&hat clearly indicates that it reached a point "hereby the

vertical velocity "as ;ero.
&he maimum hei'ht occurs "hen v
y
is equals to ;ero.

Aut the hori;ontal velocity remained constant.

9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 28
Pr#."ctil" M#ti#n
&ime ta>en to reach maimum hei'ht, "hen v
y
/-,

&he equation to be used is

and v
y
=-
-
gt v v
y y
=
g
v
g
v
t
y
sin
-
-
= =

-
gt v
y
=
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 29
Pr#."ctil" M#ti#n
(aimum hei'ht "hen v
y
=-

&he equation to be used is

and v
y
=-
&hus,
( ) y g v v
y y
= 2
2
-
2
g
v
g
v
h y
y
2
sin
2
2 2
-
2
-

= = =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 30
Pr#."ctil" (#tal Fli*)t ti&"
<hen the projectile reach the 'round, the y,component of
the displacement is ;ero.
-
2
1
2
-
= = gt t v y
y
-
2
1
-
=

gt v t
y
-
2
1
or , -
-
= = gt v t
y
g
v
g
v
t
y
sin 2
2
-
-
= =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 31
Pr#."ctil" (#tal Fli*)t ti&"

&he total fli'ht time "ill be 2t.

&he time ta>en to reach the maimum hei'ht is

the same as the time ta>en to reach the 'round
after achievin' the maimum hei'ht.
'
v 2
2 &
-

= =
sin
t
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 32
./+0

@ou are advised not to memori;e the 'eneral

equations above. 2nstead you must train
yourself to derive the equations to be used
"henever it is necessary.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 33
$%a&'l" 1
! handball is thro"n "ith an initial vertical velocity component
of 1:.- m5s and a hori;ontal velocity component of 25.- m5s.
7a8 Bo" much time is required for the handball to reach the
hi'hest point of the trajectoryC
7b8 Bo" hi'h is this pointC
7c8 Bo" much time 7after bein' thro"n8 is required for the
handball to return to its ori'inal levelC Bo" does this compare
"ith the time calculated in part 7a8C
7d8 Bo" far has it traveled hori;ontally durin' this timeC
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 34
S#luti#n t# $%a&'l" 1
a8 &he time required to reach the maimum hei'ht is obtained from
b8 !t ma hei'ht, v
y
/ -,
c8 &he time ta>en to reach its ori'inal level y/-,
7"hich is t"ice "ith that calculated in 7a8.
d8 2t traveled hori;ontally durin' this time a distance of
s : 1
m5s :1 0
m5s 1: -
-
&hus,
2
-
.
. g
v
t
y
=

=
m 5 1D
m5s :1 0 2 ,
m5s8 71: , -
2
-
y &hus
2
2
-
.
. g
v
y
=

=
s D 3
5
1:
&hus 5 1:
2
1
-
2 2
-
. t t t gt t v y
y
= = = = =
m. 0- s D 3 m5s 25
-
= = = = . t v x R
x
-
-
, gt v v
y y
= =
- 2
2
-
2
, gy v v
y
= =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 35
Pr#."ctil" 1an*"

*an'e, R, is actually ,displacement just as the maimum

hei'ht is the vertical displacement.

&he equation used for calculatin' the ran'e is

*an'e R, here represents the maimum hori;ontal

displacement, the time "ill be the total fli'ht time 2t.

?sin' the tri'onometric identity

t v R x x x
x - -
= = =
( )
g
v
g
v
v R

2 sin sin 2
cos
2
- -
-
=

=
cos sin 2 2 sin =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 36
2)ic) launc) an*l"3 303 45 an+ 60 *i4"-
*r"at"-t ran*"5

&his equation sho"s R varies "ith an'le as sin2.

&hus R is lar'est "hen sin 2 is lar'est, that is "hen

sin 2/1.

Since sin 0- / 1, its follo"s that 2 / 0- , thus /45

'ives the maimum ran'e.
2 sin
2
-
g
v
R =
g
v
R
2
-
ma
=
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 37
Projectile Motion
&he distance r of the projectile from the ori'in at any time 7the
ma'nitude of the position vector r8 is 'iven by:
&he projectiles speed at any time is
&he direction of the velocity is 'iven by
&he velocity vector v is tan'ent to the trajectory at each point.
2 2
y r + =
2
y
2

v v v + =
x
y
v
v
= tan
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 38
C#nc"'tual 6u"-ti#n

! "rench is accidentally dropped from the top of

the mast on a sailboat. <ill the "rench hit at the
same place on the dec> "hether the sailboat is at
the rest or movin' "ith a constant velocityC
Eustify your ans"er.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 39
REASONING AND SOLUTION

The wrench will hit at the same place on the deck of the ship
regardless of whether the sailboat is at rest or moving with a
constant velocity.

If the sailboat is at rest, the wrench will fall straight down

hitting the deck at some point P.

If the sailboat is moving with a constant velocity, the motion

of the wrench will be two dimensions. However, the
horizontal component of the velocity of the wrench will be the
same as the velocity of the sailboat.

Therefore, the wrench will always remain above the same

point P as it is falling.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 40
/i-cu--i#n

Suppose you are drivin' in convertible "ith the top

do"n. &he car is movin' to the ri'ht at a constant
velocity. @ou point a 'un strai'ht up"ard and fire it. 2n
the absence of air resistance, "here "ould the bullet
land, behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the
'unC
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 41
C#nc"'tual 6u"-ti#n

! stone is thro"n hori;ontally from the top of a cliff

and eventually hits the 'round belo". ! second stone
is dropped from rest from the same cliff, falls
throu'h the same hei'ht, and also hits the 'round
belo". 2'nore air resistance. 1iscuss "hether each of
the follo"in' quantities is different or the same in
the t"o casesF if there is difference, describe the
difference: 7a8 displacement, 7b8 speed just before
impact "ith the 'round and 7c 8 time o, ,li-t.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 42
-.&'O/0/1 &/D 'OL2T0O/
a8 &he displacement is 'reater for the stone that is thro"n
hori;ontally, because it has the same vertical component as the
dropped stone and, in addition, has a hori;ontal component.
b8 &he impact speed is 'reater for the stone that is thro"n
hori;ontally. &he reason is that it has the same vertical
velocity component as the dropped stone but, in addition, also
has a hori;ontal component that equals the thro"in' velocity.
c8 &he time of fli'ht is the same in each case, because the vertical
part of the motion for each stone is the same. &hat is, each
stone has an initial vertical velocity component of ;ero and
falls throu'h the same hei'ht.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 43
Conceptual Example
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 44
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 45
The package falling from the plane is a projectile
motion
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 46
1"lati4" !"l#cit

-elative velocity is the velocity of an object relative to the

observer "ho is ma>in' the measurement.
&he velocity of object ! relative to object A is "ritten v
!A
,
and velocity of object A relative to . is "ritten as v
A..
&he
velocity of ! relative . is 7note the orderin' of subscript8
<hile the velocity of object ! relative to object A is v
!A,
the velocity of A relative ! is v
A!
/, v
!A

B !B !
" " " + =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 47
Vector sum of the two- velocity-
vectors.
3
)&
/ velocity of the 1assener relative to the +rain.
3
&G
/ velocity of the &rain relative to the 2round.
3
)G
/ velocity of the 1assener relative to the 2round.
&G )& )G
3 3 3 + =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 48
1"lati4" !"l#cit
!
P(
0 4"l#cit #, t)" Passenger r"lati4" t# t)" Train7
!
(8
0 4"l#cit #, t)" (rain r"lati4" t# t)" Ground7
!
P8
0 4"l#cit #, t)" Passenger r"lati4" t# t)" Ground7

$ac) 4"l#cit -&9#l c#ntain- t:#;l"tt"r -u9-cri't3 t)"

1
-t
,#r t)" &#4in* 9#+3 t)" 2
n+
in+icat"- t)" #9."cti4"
r"lati4" t# it t)" 4"l#cit i- &"a-ur"+7
#$ %# %$
" " " + =
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 49
Example 1

<n a 'l"a-ur" crui-" a 9#at i- tra4"lin* t# t)" :at"r at

a -'""+ #, 570 &/- +u" -#ut)7 1"lati4" t# t)" 9#at3 a
'a--"n*"r :al=- t#:ar+ t)" 9ac= #, t)" 9#at at a -'""+
#, 175 &/-7 >a? 2)at i- t)" &a*nitu+" an+ +ir"cti#n #,
t)" 'a--"n*"r@- 4"l#cit r"lati4" t# t)" :at"r5 >9? H#:
l#n* +#"- it ta=" ,#r t)" 'a--"n*"r t# :al= a +i-tanc" #,
27 & #n t)" 9#at5 >c? H#: l#n* +#"- it ta=" ,#r t)"
'a--"n*"r t# c#4"r a +i-tanc" #, 27 & #n t)" :at"r5
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 50
REASONING

The time it takes for the passenger to walk the distance on the
boat is the distance divided by the passengers speed v
)A

relative to the boat.

The time it takes for the passenger to cover the distance on the
water is the distance divided by the passengers speed v
)<

relative to the water.

The passengers velocity relative to the boat is given.

However, we need to determine the passengers velocity
relative to the water.
9/18/14 06:40:15 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 51
b8 &he time it ta>es for the passen'er to "al> a distance of 29 m
on the boat is
ANSWERS
a8 passengers velocity relative to the water, v
pw
c8 &he time it ta>es for the passen'er to cover a distance of 29 m
on the "ater is
s 1:
m5s 5 . 1
m 29 m 29
= = =
%B
v
t
)<
29 m 29 m
9.9 s
3.5 m5s
t
v
= = =
south m5s, 3.5 south 5.-m5s, north m5s, 5 1 = + =
+ =
.
v v v
B& %B %&
9/18/14 06:40:16 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 52
$%a&'l" 2

()" "n*in" #, a 9#at +ri4"- it acr#-- a ri4"r t)at i-

1800 & :i+"7 ()" 4"l#cit v
A2
#, t)" 9#at r"lati4" t#
t)" :at"r i- 470 &/-3 +ir"ct"+ '"r'"n+icular t# t)"
curr"nt3 a- -)#:n in t)" Fi*7 ()" 4"l#cit v
:-
#, t)"
:at"r r"lati4" t# t)" -)#r" i- 270 &/-7 a? 2)at i- t)"
4"l#cit v
AS
#, t)" 9#at r"lati4" t# t)" -)#r"5 9? H#:
l#n* +#"- it ta=" ,#r t)" 9#at t# cr#-- t)" ri4"r5
9/18/14 06:40:16 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 53
a?
&' B( B'
v v v + =
( ) ( ) m5s 5 . 4 m5s - . 2 m5s - . 4
2 2
2 2
= + = + =
&' B(
B'
v v v
m5s - . 4 sin = =
B& B'
v v
m5s - . 2 cos = =
&' B'
v v
= = = D3 2 tan &hus
- 2
- 4
1 ,
,
.
.
tan
s 45-
m5s - . 4
m 1:--
sin v
<idth
time 8
AS
= = =

)
9/18/14 06:40:16 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 54
Summary
H,1irection @,1irection
Acc"l"rati#n
!"l#cit
/i-'lac"&"nt
&he components of initial velocity* v
'
are
H,1irection @,1irection
Acc"l"rati#n
!"l#cit
/i-'lac"&"nt
a
y
/ ,g a
x
0 0
* sin v v * cos v v
y
x - - - -
and = =
x x
v v
-
=
gt v v
y y
=
-
t v x
x
-
=
2
-
2
1
gt t v y
y
=
9/18/14 06:40:16 AM FAP0015 PHYSICS I 55
r
r
'
r
'
r &3 r
'
4
-
r r r =