Which type of winding is used in D.

C machines

(a) Open type (b) Closed type

In D.C Machines winding is closed type

In Alternators Winding is open type

Alternators carries three sets of windings in slots at 120
phase displacement

Design should be in such way that induced emf wave is
almost sinusoidal in nature
Conductor
The part of the wire under the influence of the magnetic field
and responsible for the induced emf is called active length of the
conductor

Slot
Conductor
S
N
Turn
Two conductors constitute a turn
Coil
The number of turns are grouped to form a coil
Coil consists of many turns
Multi turn coil
Coil side 1
?
Conductor 2 Conductor 1
Slot
Coil Side
The part of the coil in each slot is called coil side of a coil
Pole Pitch

Center to center distance b/w two adjacent poles
In one revolution of the conductor, With 2-poles .. No. cycles of induced
e.m.f will produced
One pole is responsible for 180
0
electrical induced e.m.f
180
0
Electrical is also called one pole pitch

360
N
S
N
S
Pole pitch
One pole is responsible for 180
0
electrical induced e.m.f
6 slots are under one pole
Pole pitch=slots per pole
no.slots/P = n
Slot Angle ()
The phase difference contributed by one slot in degree electrical
= 180/n
= 180/slots per pole

A
Induced e.m.f in A and B are in same Phase ?
B

NO
Types of armature windings

1.Single layer and double layer winding
2.Full pitch and short pitch winding
3.Concentrated and distributed winding
Single layer and double layer winding
Slot
Coil side
conductor
Slot
Coil side
2
Coil side
1
Single layer
Doble layer
If a slot consists of only one coil side, winding is said to be
single layer

If there are two coil sides per slot one at top and one at
bottom the winding is double layer winding
Space gets wasted in winding so usually .layer
winding is preferred
Single Double
Full pitch and Short pitch winding
Ex. 2-pole 18 slots
Pole pitch = 18/2=9
Coil side in slot 1 is connected to coil side in slot 10 then it is called full
pitch coil
If coil span is n slots or 180
0
electrical then the coil is
called full pitch coil

If coil span slightly less then one pole pitch (n) slots or
less than 180
0
electrical then the coils are called short
pitch coils

n slots per pole
180 electrical
< n slots per
pole
<180 electrical
Full pitch
Shot pitch
1
10
2 11 9
1+9=10
1
10
9
2
11
Advantages of Short pitch coils

1. Length of the wire is less copper required is less--- economical
2. It eliminates high frequency harmonics more sinusoidal in nature
wave form
3. High Frequency harmonics eliminated so eddy and hysteresis are
reduced
If coil side in one slot is connected to a coil side in another
slot which is one pole pitch distance away from first slot the
winding is called full pitch winding and coil is called full
pitch coil.
Concentrated and Distributed Winding
In 3- Alternator 3 sets of windings are placed in the armature
Depending upon the total no.of slots and no.poles, we have
certain slots per phase available under each pole
m = slots per pole per phase =n/no.phases
Ex. 12 slots , 2 poles
Pole pitch= .

n=12/2=6
Slots per pole per phase m=6/3= 2
Let x no.of conductors per phase are to be placed under one pole
2 slots per pole per phase are available
N
S
N
S
Conductors 1
Conductors 2
of same
phase
Conductors belongs to one phase under one pole are
placed in different slots
Distributed winding
N
S
N
S
Conductors 1
Conductors 2
of same
phase
Conductors belongs to one phase under one pole are placed in single slot
Concentrated winding
If all x conductors per phase per pole are placed in one slot
keeping remaining 2 slots per pole are empty then the
winding is called concentrated winding.
If x conductors per phase under one pole are distributed
among the 3 slots per pole the winding is called distributed
winding
Distributed winding makes the waveform of induced e.m.f
more sinusoidal in nature
In practice double layer, short pitched and distributed type of
armature winding is preferred for the alternators.
Consider 3- 4-pole, 24 slots single layer winding
alternator
Total no. conductors ---- Conductors per slot* no. slots
24
Slot per pole n
n = 24/4 =6
Slots per pole per phase m m = 6/3= 2
Slot angle =
= 180/6= 30