LEARNING OUTCOMES

To state what menstruation is,

To relate menstruation to the menstrual
cycle,
To state the importance of the
menstrual cycle,
To state the hormones involved in the
menstrual cycle
Discharge of unfertilised ovum, uterus
lining (endometrium wall) and blood
through vagina.

The breakdown of the lining of the uterus
wall & its discharge through the vagina
with some blood, cells, tissue fluid &
glandular secretions.

Girls experience menstruation
when reach puberty.
After menstruation, the thickening of
endometrium begins again Menstrual
cycle.

The first day of your menstrual period is
considered Day 1 of your cycle.

1 cycle = 28 days
To provide a favourable environment for the
development of zygote in the uterus.

Enables production of the female gamete
propagation of species.

Precisely coordinates & synchronises growth of the
endometrium & follicular development ovulation
occurs ovum is released.

Reduces the chances of development of a defective
zygote.
Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
Hormone involved in menstrual cycle Location of secretes
Gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamus
Follicle-stimulating
Hormone
Anterior pituitary
lobe
Luteinising Hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary
lobe
Oestrogen Follicle cell
Progesterone Corpus luteum
HORMONES FUNCTION
Follicle-
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the development
of egg follicle in the ovary.
Oestrogen
Stimulates the repairing &
thickening of endometrium
Luteinising
hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation & the
formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone
Maintain the thickening of
the endometrium.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To relate hormonal levels to the
development of follicles, the process of
ovulation, & the formation of the corpus
luteum,
To relate hormonal levels to changes in
thickness of the endometrium,
Explain the role of hormones in
regulating the menstrual cycle,
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
THE TYPICAL MENSTRUATION CYCLE OCCURS REGULARLY
OVER 28 DAYS. IT IS
CONSIST OF 4 STAGES

1-5 (STAGE 1) MENSTRUATION

6-10(STAGE 2) REBUILDING THE THICKENING OF THE
UTERUS LINING

11-17(STAGE 3) OVULATION PERIOD. RELEASE OF AN OVUM
FROM THE OVARY.

18-28(STAGE 4) CONTINUED THICKENING OF THE UTERUS
LINING BY INCREASING BLOOD AND TISSUE.

THE BEGINNING.
Day 1-5 :
endometrium will be sloughed off (menstruation)
One of the primary follicles develops
Day 6-14 :
The primary follicles becomes Graafian follicle.
Graafian follicle releases its ovum (secondary oocyte) around day
14 ovulation
IN PROGRESS.
Day 15-28 :
The remains of the Graafian follicle becomes a yellowish body
corpus luteum.
If no fertilisation : the corpus luteum eventually degenerates & the
whole process is repeated.
THE ROLE OF
HORMONES
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.

After menstruation, the pituitary gland produces the
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the
development of egg follicle in the ovary.
The developing egg follicles secrete another hormone
called oestrogen stimulates the repairing & thickening
of endometrium.

Level of oestrogen rises, the endometrium becomes
thicker.

High level of oestrogen is detected by the pituitary gland
secretes the luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates
ovulation & the formation of corpus luteum,
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to maintain the
thickening of the endometrium.

If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum
degenerates & the level of progesterone falls the
endometrium disintegrates & is shed as menstruation.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state what premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is,
To state the menopause is.

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
A few days before menstruation.

Caused by changes in the levels of oestrogen &
progesterone leads to accumulation of salt &
water in the body tissues causes discomfort.

Emotional disturbances, nervousness, irritability,
headache, appetite changes & depression.

Disappears soon after menstruation begins.
MENOPAUSE
The time in a womans life when the ovaries cease
to produce ova & menstruation stops the woman
is no longer able to bear any children.

Between 45-55 years.

Her ovaries become less receptive to FSH & LH &
follicular development slows down the level of
oestrogen & progesterone fall as well.
Causes the production of ova & the thickening of
endometrium decreased menopause occurs
gradually.

The menstrual cycle becomes longer
Menstruation occurs less frequently.
Eventually, it stops altogether.

Due to the low level of oestrogen, some women who
have undergone menopause may suffer from some
health & emotional problems.
Headache, giddiness
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination
Hot flushes & night sweat
Dry skin
Anxiety
Insomnia
Inflammation of the joints
Decreased concentration & memory power
Women who have undergone menopause are at a higher
risk of contracting cancer of the uterus, osteoporosis &
heart diseases medical check-up at least once a year.

Hormone replacement therapy can slow down the
symptoms (pills @ skin patches)