Monolithic braced frame a. Division into subframes - Dividing into subframes- beams, columns etc. - Moments and shears elastic analysis
2. Critical load arrangement
i. Full span loads 1.4G k + 1.6Q k (max.)
ii. Alternate span loads - 1.4G k + 1.6Q k (max.) and 1.0G k (min)
c. Simplification for individual beams and columns - Simplified subframes - Columns (ends of beams) - Fixed and half stiffness of beams d. Continuous-beam simplification - Continuous over supports providing no restraint to rotation
e. Asymmetrically loaded column
Rigid frames providing lateral stability - Stability must be analyzed for horizontal and vertical loads Alternatively; 1. Max. design loads (1.4G k +1.6Q k ) for vertical loads on elastic analysis 2. Summation of moments from elastic analysis of sub frame -1.2G k +1.2Q k and complete frame assuming points of contra-flexural at the centers of all beams and columns for winds loads 1.2 W k .
Horizontal Loads Redistribution of moments -Plastic analysis based on stress-strain curve. -Max. moments and moment distribution changes from elastic to plastic -Only allow 30% of reduction at peak moment.
Elastic and Plastic Moment Distributions Requirement applying moment distribution Concrete cover to reinforcement Nominal cover -design depth of concrete to all reinforcement including links. - Actual cover to all reinforcement should never be less than the nominal cover 5 mm
The nominal cover should : - be in accordance wit recommendation for bar size and aggregates size of concrete cast against uneven surfaces ( Cl 3.3.1.2- Cl 3.3.1.4) - Protect steel against corrosion ( Cl 3.3.3) - Protect steel against fire ( cl 3.3.6) - Allow for surface treatment such as bush hammering Bar size - nominal cover > main bar size - If the bar are in pairs or bundles, the nominal cover should not be less than the equivalent cross sectional area of the bars. Nominal maximum size of aggregates - Nominal cover > nominal max size of aggregates - Nominal max size of coarse aggregates should not normally be greater than one quarter of minimum thickness of concrete section. - For most work, 20mm aggregates is suitable. - For thin sections, consideration should given to use 14mm or 10 mm nominal maximum size. Concrete cast against uneven surfaces - Specified nominal cover should be increased beyond values of Table 3.3. - For concrete cast directly against earth, the nominal cover should be not less than 75mm. - For concrete cast against an adequate building, nominal cover less than 40mm (excluding blinding) . Ends of straight bars - Not required cover because the end of the straight bar not exposed to the weather. Cover against corrosion - Cover used depend on exposure condition and quality of the concrete as placed and cured immediately surrounding the reinforcement - Table 3.4 show the limiting value for the nominal cover for concrete made with normal weight aggregates. Method of specifying concrete for durability Mix proportions - Use of these designation ensure that the respective water/cement ratio and minimum cement content are included as part of the specification and have to be separated detailed Permitted reduction in cement ratio - When concrete with free water/cement ratio significantly lower than the maximum value in Table 3.3, the cement content may be reduced provided the following requirement :- reduction of cement content does not exceed 10% Corresponding free water /cement ratio is reduced by not less that percentage of the cement content Resulting mix can be placed and compacted properly Establishment of systematic control to ensure the reduced limit are met in concrete as placed
Permitted reduction in concrete grades - A systematic checking regime is established to ensure adherence with the free water/cement ratio and cement content. Cover as fire protection - The values is given in table 3.5 and figure 3.2 will ensure that fire resistance requirement are satisfied. Control of cover -to endure that the reinforcement is properly placed and that the specified cover is obtained.