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Structural System

Method of sub-framing and sub


frame analysis


Monolithic braced frame
a. Division into subframes
- Dividing into subframes- beams, columns etc.
- Moments and shears elastic analysis





2. Critical load arrangement

i. Full span loads 1.4G
k
+ 1.6Q
k
(max.)

ii. Alternate span loads - 1.4G
k
+ 1.6Q
k
(max.)
and 1.0G
k
(min)





c. Simplification for individual beams and
columns
- Simplified subframes
- Columns (ends of beams)
- Fixed and half stiffness of beams
d. Continuous-beam simplification
- Continuous over supports providing no
restraint to rotation


e. Asymmetrically loaded column

Rigid frames providing lateral stability
- Stability must be analyzed for horizontal and vertical
loads
Alternatively;
1. Max. design loads (1.4G
k
+1.6Q
k
) for vertical loads
on elastic analysis
2. Summation of moments from elastic analysis of
sub frame -1.2G
k
+1.2Q
k
and complete frame
assuming points of contra-flexural at the centers of
all beams and columns for winds loads 1.2 W
k
.

Horizontal Loads
Redistribution of moments
-Plastic analysis based on stress-strain curve.
-Max. moments and moment distribution changes from elastic to
plastic
-Only allow 30% of reduction at peak moment.

Elastic and Plastic Moment Distributions
Requirement applying moment
distribution
Concrete cover to reinforcement
Nominal cover
-design depth of concrete to all reinforcement
including links.
- Actual cover to all reinforcement should never
be less than the nominal cover 5 mm

The nominal cover should :
- be in accordance wit recommendation for bar
size and aggregates size of concrete cast
against uneven surfaces ( Cl 3.3.1.2- Cl 3.3.1.4)
- Protect steel against corrosion ( Cl 3.3.3)
- Protect steel against fire ( cl 3.3.6)
- Allow for surface treatment such as bush
hammering
Bar size
- nominal cover > main bar size
- If the bar are in pairs or bundles, the nominal
cover should not be less than the equivalent cross
sectional area of the bars.
Nominal maximum size of aggregates
- Nominal cover > nominal max size of aggregates
- Nominal max size of coarse aggregates should not
normally be greater than one quarter of
minimum thickness of concrete section.
- For most work, 20mm aggregates is suitable.
- For thin sections, consideration should given to
use 14mm or 10 mm nominal maximum size.
Concrete cast against uneven surfaces
- Specified nominal cover should be increased
beyond values of Table 3.3.
- For concrete cast directly against earth, the
nominal cover should be not less than 75mm.
- For concrete cast against an adequate
building, nominal cover less than 40mm
(excluding blinding)
.
Ends of straight bars
- Not required cover because the end of the
straight bar not exposed to the weather.
Cover against corrosion
- Cover used depend on exposure condition
and quality of the concrete as placed and
cured immediately surrounding the
reinforcement
- Table 3.4 show the limiting value for the
nominal cover for concrete made with normal
weight aggregates.
Method of specifying concrete for durability
Mix proportions
- Use of these designation ensure that the respective
water/cement ratio and minimum cement content are
included as part of the specification and have to be
separated detailed
Permitted reduction in cement ratio
- When concrete with free water/cement ratio
significantly lower than the maximum value in Table
3.3, the cement content may be reduced provided the
following requirement :-
reduction of cement content does not exceed 10%
Corresponding free water /cement ratio is reduced by
not less that percentage of the cement content
Resulting mix can be placed and compacted properly
Establishment of systematic control to ensure the
reduced limit are met in concrete as placed

Permitted reduction in concrete grades
- A systematic checking regime is established to
ensure adherence with the free water/cement
ratio and cement content.
Cover as fire protection
- The values is given in table 3.5 and figure 3.2 will
ensure that fire resistance requirement are
satisfied.
Control of cover
-to endure that the reinforcement is properly
placed and that the specified cover is obtained.

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