CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

POLYMER
Polymers having long chain macromolecules, which are built up by the
linking together of a large number of small molecules, called monomer.
OR
The polymer (poly- many; mer-unit or parts) is a high molecular
weight compound, formed by the combination of small molecules of
low molecular weight.
(1)- Light in weight.
(2)- Low cost.
(3)- Available in variety of colours.
(4)- Easy process ability.
(5)- Easy assembly of parts to get final product.
(6)- Low co-efficient of friction.
(7)- Self Lubricating.
(8)- Corrosion Resistant
(9)- Modification of polymer properties with additives
incorporation or blending of polymer.
(10)- Less manpower requirement.
(11)- Less Electricity requirement.
(12)-These are available in flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid form.
(13)- These are available in Transparent / Translucent
/opaque form.
(14)- Plastics have very long shelf life of product.



Crude oil

Saturated Unit

Unsaturated Unit

Polymer





Like Ethylene










Ethylene
Polyethylene
Crude oil
Monomer
Polymer
Rubber
Plastics
Natural Synthetic
Natural Synthetic
Natural Rubber EPDM Cellulose PE
NBR PPR PP
SBR PS
MONOMER
H H
| |

C = C Ethylene
| |
H H

H H
| |
M

C C Repeating Unit
| |
H H



Chemical unit should unsaturated like double or triple bond
between C C atom.
Polymerization
n M

[M]
n

Monomer Polymer

n No. of repeating unit
Monomer to Polymer
ON The Basis of Polymer Structure, Manufacturing Method
(1)- Linear, Branched, Cross-Linked Polymer.

(2)- Homo-polymer, Co-polymer, Ter-polymer.


(3). Addition and Condensation Polymer
(4)- Thermoplastics, Thermo-set on the Basis of
Polymer Processing..

(5)- Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline, Amorphous on the Basis
of crystallinity
(6)- Commodity Polymer, Engineering Polymer on the Basis
of Application.
.
Linear Polymer
H H
| |
Ethylene

C C A
| |
H H

A A A A A A A A A
Polyethylene HDPE / HM-HDPE
/ /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / / Polyethylene LLDPE
A A A A A A A A A
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A
\ /
A A A A
/ \ / /
A A A A A
/ \ / / A
A A A A /
/ \ \ / A A
A A A A /
/ \ / A
A A A
\ /
A A A A A A A A A
\ A
A A
A \ / \
A A A A
A \ A / \
A A A A
A / \
A A
A
Polyethylene LDPE / VLDPE
A A A A A A A A A A
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
A A A A A A A A A A
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
A A A A A A A A A A
Polyethylene XLPE
Contains only one type of monomer


H H
| |
X
C C Propylene
| |
H CH
3


X X X X X X X X

Polypropylene
Contains two types of monomers.

H H
| |
A C C Propylene
| |
H CH
3


H H
| |
B

C C Ethylene
| |
H H
Alternative Co-polymer

A B A B A B A B PP

Random Co-Polymer

A B A A A B B A A A A
Block Co-Polymer

[ A A A A A A ]
n
[ B B B B B ]
m

Graft Co-polymer

A A A A A A A A
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |


Contains three types of monomer unit:
ABS
Acrylonitrile A, Butadiene B, Styrene S


A B S A B S A B S

1. nM Polymerization [M]
n

2. No by-product are formed.

3. Total molecular weight of monomer is
equivalent to molecular weight of polymer.

4. EXAMPLE
PE
PP
PVC
PS
n M
A
+ n M
B
[Polymer] + nH
2
O
During reaction by-products are formed e.g. Water
etc..
Molecular weight of polymer is less than molecular
weight of total monomer.
These polymer require pre-drying before
processing
EXAMPLE
Nylon
Polyester PET, PBT
PC
Thermoset
Thermo + Plastics
Soften
Melt
Flow
Solidification
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Cooling & Pressure
Product is formed
R
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g

THERMOSET
Thermo + Set
Soften
Fused(Melting)
Limit flow
Solidification
(Cross-linked)
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Heating & Pressure
Product is formed
N
o
n

R
e
c
y
c
l
a
b
l
e
There are soft, rigid, hard.
These are translucent, transparent, opaque.
These are re-cyclable.
Additives are may or may not be required to be added.
These are processed by conventional techniques like
Injection, Extrusion, Blow Moulding, Roto-moulding
techniques.

Example-Material like, LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP, PVC, PS,
PMMA etc..
These are hard, fused, brittle material.
These are also translucent, transparent, opaque.
These are non-re-cycleble and known as Once set is ever set.

Additives are compulsory requirement in these material.
These are processed by Compression Moulding, Transfer
Moulding, FRP techniques, Specially designed Injection
Moulding etc.

Example- Material like Polyesters, Epoxy, PF, UF, MF, Un-
saturated PU etc..

Crystalline polymers are opaque in nature. These are
arranged structure.

Semi crystalline polymers are translucent in nature.These are
having crystalline and amorphous regions.

Amorphous polymers are transparent in nature. These are
random or un-arrayed structure.
Crystalline Semi Crystalline Amorphous
HDPE LLDPE LDPE
Opaque Translucent Transparent

PP By processing parameter PP
Translucent Fast rate of cooling(quenching) Transparent

These are used for all plastics products which are used
for personnel purpose.

Polymer used in these application fulfils the following
plops.

Aesthetic surface.

Variety of colours.

Various design versatility.

Low cost.

Gloss, shiny surface.

Light in weight.

Recyclability

These are used for all plastic products, which are
used for engineering purpose.

Polymer used in these application fulfill the
following props.

Good mechanical props. like tensile, flexural,
compressive.

Good surface props like abrasion, hardness.

Low co-efficient of friction.

Self lubricating props.

Good thermal props.

Good electrical props.

Good flame Retardency.

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